“…Libraries are transforming from a space to store books into integrated cultural, meeting and learning spaces that tend to operate 24/7 (Yip et al , 2019; Chan et al , 2020a; Kim et al , 2020; Leung et al , 2022; Ho et al , 2022a,b; Jiang et al , 2022; Wong and Chiu, 2023). Noh (2022) investigated the library as a complex cultural space and showed that library users participated and enjoyed its services and programs.…”