Understanding the lattice dynamics from the perspective of chemical bonds and phonon transport is essential for finding and designing high-efficiency thermoelectric (TE) materials and achieving applications. In this work, we have constructed a novel two-dimensional (2D) Janus 2H-Tl 2 SSe from a 2D 2H-TlS monolayer for the first time. The intrinsic low lattice thermal conductivity of the Janus 2H-Tl 2 SSe monolayer is attributed to the coexistence of weak chemical bonding and strong phonon anharmonicity, combining first-principles calculations and Boltzmann transport theory. The crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis reveals that the weak Tl−S and Tl−Se chemical bonding, stemming from the filled antibonding orbitals, results in a low average phonon group velocity (v g ) and acousto−optic coupling. Through further investigating the scattering rates of various scattering channels, we have demonstrated that acousto−optic coupling plays a crucial role in providing important scattering channels for three-phonon scattering. Furthermore, the Janus structure of the 2H-Tl 2 SSe monolayer breaks the original symmetry, resulting in additional anharmonicity. The low v g and strong phonon scattering enable the Tl 2 SSe monolayer to exhibit a low roomtemperature lattice thermal conductivity (κ L ) of 1.88 W mK −1 . With the further inclusion of electron−phonon (el−ph) scattering, our research reveals that the Tl 2 SSe monolayer presents a high ZT of 2.31 at 700 K, attributed to its low κ L and excellent electronic transport performance for n-type doping. Our work demonstrates that Janus Tl 2 SSe monolayer has been identified as a novel thermoelectric material for promising medium-temperature applications.