A theory of dynamic occluded and illusory object perception.

Palmer, Evan M.; Kellman, Philip J.; Shipley, Thomas F.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.513

Cited by 59 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Such cues may signal to the visual system both when such extrapolation should occur (as the object starts gradually disappearing) and where the occluded object should reappear (at the far border of the occluder). Work in the contour interpolation literature supports the idea that powerful forms of extrapolation are possible for occluded objects, such that participants are sensitive to the alignment of visible edges with occluded (invisible) edges with surprising precision (Keane, Lu, & Kellman, 2007;Palmer, Kellman, & Shipley, 2006).…”

Section: The Present Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 74%

A simple proximity heuristic allows tracking of multiple objects through occlusion

Franconeri¹,

Pylyshyn

Scholl

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Moving objects in the world present a challenge to the visual system, in that they often move in and out of view as they are occluded by other surfaces. Nevertheless, the ability to track multiple objects through periods of occlusion is surprisingly robust. Here, we identify a simple heuristic that underlies this ability: Pre-and postocclusion views of objects are linked together solely by their spatial proximity. Tracking through occlusion was always improved when the postocclusion instances reappeared closer to the preocclusion views. Strikingly, this was true even when objects' previous trajectories predicted different reappearance locations and when objects reappeared "too close," from invisible "slits" in empty space, rather than from more distant occluder contours. Tracking through occlusion appears to rely only on spatial proximity, and not on encoding heading information, likely reappearance locations, or the visible structure of occluders.

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Section: The Present Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 74%

A simple proximity heuristic allows tracking of multiple objects through occlusion

Franconeri¹,

Pylyshyn

Scholl

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Previous work on amodal completion (e.g., Palmer et al, 2006) has emphasized that people fill in information behind the occluder. Given that amodal completion can occur during online object processing, why do we find that completion sometimes appears to be present and sometimes absent?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers who have explored the impact of occlusion on object perception have primarily focused on the ability of observers to perceive complete objects behind an occluding element (amodal completion; e.g., Kellman & Shipley, 1992;Murray, Sekuler, & Bennett, 2001;Palmer, Kellman, & Shipley, 2006;Rensink & Enns, 1998;Sekuler & Palmer, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The case of the missing visual details: Occlusion and long-term visual memory.

Williams

Burkle

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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To investigate the critical information in long-term visual memory representations of objects, we used occlusion to emphasize one type of information or another. By occluding one solid side of the object (e.g., top 50%) or by occluding 50% of the object with stripes (like a picket fence), we emphasized visible information about the object, processing the visible details in the former and the object's overall form in the latter. On a token discrimination test, surprisingly, memory for solid or stripe occluded objects at either encoding (Experiment 1) or test (Experiment 2) was the same.In contrast, when occluded objects matched at encoding and test (Experiment 3) or when the occlusion shifted, revealing the entire object piecemeal (Experiment 4), memory was better for solid compared to stripe occluded objects, indicating that objects are represented differently in long-term visual memory. Critically, we also found that when the task emphasized remembering exactly what was shown, memory performance in the more detailed solid occlusion condition exceeded that in the stripe condition (Experiment 5). However, when the task emphasized the whole object form, memory was better in the stripe condition (Experiment 6) than in the solid condition. We argue that long-term visual memory can represent objects flexibly, and task demands can interact with visual information, allowing the viewer to cope with changing real-world visual environments.Keywords: Long-Term Visual Memory; Occlusion; Object Memory; Picture Representation 3 OCCLUSION AND LONG-TERM VISUAL MEMORY When viewing a complex scene, such as a street scene, many objects will be partially visible from a single point of view. Researchers who have explored the impact of occlusion on object perception have primarily focused on the ability of observers to perceive complete objects behind an occluding element (amodal completion; e.g., Kellman & Shipley, 1992;Murray, Sekuler, & Bennett, 2001;Palmer, Kellman, & Shipley, 2006;Rensink & Enns, 1998;Sekuler & Palmer, 1992).In other words, consistent with Gestalt principles, people appear to fill in the missing components when looking at an object. Although there may be questions regarding the ability to use amodal completion in guiding attention (Wolfe, Reijnen, Horowitz, Pedersini, Pinto, & Hulleman, 2011), it is clear that individuals can identify an object even if it extends behind another object. The ability to identify occluded objects and potentially "fill in" the missing components indicates that people can easily deal with this real-world viewing problem in real-time. We explored if these abilities had consequences for the representations of objects in long-term visual memory.The question of how occluded objects are represented may appear to be trivial given that they are so easily dealt with in everyday life, but how one represents an occluded object could be informative regarding the limitations and flexibility of long-term visual memory representations.Objects are stored in long-term visual memory with a gre...

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“…It is possible that a dynamic update would advance the representation in the direction of rotation. Experiments on spatiotemporal relatability show that the representation of a partially occluded object is dynamically updated through time (Palmer, Kellman, & Shipley, 2006). In the tunnel effect, a representation of an object is maintained and dynamically updated while it moves behind an occluder (Flombaum & Scholl, 2006;Kawachi & Gyoba, 2006).…”

Section: ) Nonmotion Dot Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-from-motion: dissociating perception, neural persistence, and sensory memory of illusory depth and illusory rotation

Pastukhov

Braun

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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In the structure-from-motion paradigm, physical motion on a screen produces the vivid illusion of an object rotating in depth. Here, we show how to dissociate illusory depth and illusory rotation in a structure-from-motion stimulus using a rotationally asymmetric shape and reversals of physical motion. Reversals of physical motion create a conflict between the original illusory states and the new physical motion: Either illusory depth remains constant and illusory rotation reverses, or illusory rotation stays the same and illusory depth reverses. When physical motion reverses after the interruption in presentation, we find that illusory rotation tends to remain constant for long blank durations (T blank ≥ 0.5 s), but illusory depth is stabilized if interruptions are short (T blank ≤ 0.1 s). The stability of illusory depth over brief interruptions is consistent with the effect of neural persistence. When this is curtailed using a mask, stability of ambiguous vision (for either illusory depth or illusory rotation) is disrupted. We also examined the selectivity of the neural persistence of illusory depth. We found that it relies on a static representation of an interpolated illusory object, since changes to low-level display properties had little detrimental effect. We discuss our findings with respect to other types of history dependence in multistable displays (sensory stabilization memory, neural fatigue, etc.). Our results suggest that when brief interruptions are used during the presentation of multistable displays, switches in perception are likely to rely on the same neural mechanisms as spontaneous switches, rather than switches due to the initial percept choice at the stimulus onset.

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A theory of dynamic occluded and illusory object perception.

Cited by 59 publications

References 117 publications

A simple proximity heuristic allows tracking of multiple objects through occlusion

A simple proximity heuristic allows tracking of multiple objects through occlusion

The case of the missing visual details: Occlusion and long-term visual memory.

Structure-from-motion: dissociating perception, neural persistence, and sensory memory of illusory depth and illusory rotation

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