“…Furthermore, sharing and exchanging information among parties, including individuals and organisations, is possible using different sharing platforms that play a vital role in smart cities (Kong et al, 2018, Kusumastuti et al, 2022. Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud, fog computing, and blockchain technology are examples of such platforms (Qian et al, 2018, Imine et al, 2020Gill, 2021). However, the flow of personal information in smart cities may result in individuals suffering from serious privacy risks that may impact their information (Martinez-Balleste et al, 2013, Sharma et al, 2020.…”