Several flavonoids have been reported to be proteasome inhibitors, but whether prenylated flavonoids are able to inhibit proteasome function remains unknown. We report for the first time that Sanggenon C, a natural prenylated flavonoid, inhibits tumor cellular proteasomal activity and cell viability. We found that (1) Sanggenon C inhibited tumor cell viability and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase; (2) Sanggenon C inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified human 20S proteasome and 26S proteasome in H22 cell lysate, and Sanggenon C was able to dosedependently accumulate ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome substrate protein p27; (3) Sanggenon C-induced proteasome inhibition occurred prior to cell death in murine H22 and P388 cell lines; (4) Sanggenon C induced death of human K562 cancer cells and primary cells isolated from leukemic patients. We conclude that Sanggenon C inhibits tumor cell viability via induction of cell cycle arrest and cell death, which is associated with its ability to inhibit the proteasome function and that proteasome inhibition by Sanggenon C at least partially contributes to the observed tumor cell growth-inhibitory activity. Proteasome inhibition has been demonstrated as a novel therapeutic strategy in multiple disease models, including fibrosis (4), inflammation (5), ischemia-reperefusion injury (6), myocardial hypertrophy (7) and cancer (8). Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Valcade or PS-341) has been approved by the United States FDA to treat multiple myeloma. Other proteasome inhibitors are now under clinical trials for cancer therapy (8). However, there were some associated toxicity observed in the clinical trials using bortezomib (8). Therefore, there is a need to search for novel proteasome inhibitors with decreased side effect. It is an attractive idea to identify and isolate novel natural proteasome inhibitors from medicinal plants. Many of the reported natural proteasome inhibitors belong to the flavonoid family (3). Among all these reported natural flavonoid proteasome inhibitors, an aromatic ketone structure plays a very important role for binding to the threonine residue at the N terminus (Thr 1) of the proteasome subunits and inhibiting the proteasomal activities (3, 9, 10).
KeywordsSeveral flavonoids have been isolated from the stem bark of Morus cathayana (SANGPAIPI), including Sanggenon C. Sanggenon C is a flavanone Diel-Alder adduct compound. Up to now, there are only a few reports on the biological and pharmacological effects of Sanggenon C. It has been reported that Sanggenon C has anti-oxidant and antiinflammation activities (2) and could inhibit TNF-alpha-stimulated cell adhesion and expression of VCAM-1 by suppressing the activation of NF-kappa B. It has also been proposed that Sanggenon C decreases ICAM-1 protein expression at a post-translational level (11). In addition, it was reported that Sanggenon C inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (12) and possessed the function to decrease blood pressure. Since Sanggenon C possesses the mo...