A three-dimensional optical photonic crystal with designed point defects

Qi, Minghao; Lidorikis, Elefterios; Rakich, Peter T.; Johnson, Steven G.; Joannopoulos, John D.; Ippen, Erich P.; Smith, Henry I.

doi:10.1038/nature02575

Cited by 479 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…3c). [31] Optical characterization showed the presence of defect states in agreement with theoretical simulations performed with a FDTD method [32] (Fig. 3d).…”

Section: Conventional Lithographysupporting

confidence: 67%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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“…3c). [31] Optical characterization showed the presence of defect states in agreement with theoretical simulations performed with a FDTD method [32] (Fig. 3d).…”

Section: Conventional Lithographysupporting

confidence: 67%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…Three-dimensional photonic crystals offer opportunities to probe interesting photonic states such as bandgaps [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] , Weyl points 9,10 , well-controlled dislocations and defects [11][12][13] . Combinations of morphologies and dielectric constants of materials can be used to achieve desired photonic states.…”

Section: Table Of Contents Graphicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT:A gyroid structure is a distinct morphology that is triply periodic and consists of minimal isosurfaces containing no straight lines. We have designed and synthesized amorphous silicon (a-Si) mid-infrared gyroid photonic crystals that exhibit a complete bandgap in infrared spectroscopy measurements. Photonic crystals were synthesized by deposition of a-Si/Al2O3 coatings onto a sacrificial polymer scaffold defined by two-photon lithography. We observed a 100% reflectance at 7.5 µm for single gyroids with a unit cell size of 4.5 µm, in agreement with the photonic bandgap position predicted from full-wave electromagnetic simulations, whereas the observed reflection peak shifted to 8 µm for a 5.5 µm unit cell size. This approach represents a simulation-fabrication-characterization platform to realize three-dimensional gyroid photonic crystals with well-defined dimensions in real space and tailored properties in momentum space.

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“…From crystals with point defects represent an ideal model system: they are amenable to theoretical approaches and at the same time are found in important technological applications. For example, photonic crystals made of colloidal particles are intensely studied for the opportunity they offer to control and manipulate light flow through a material, where the photonic band gap can be tuned by the particle size and lattice spacing 3,4 . Stable colloidal crystal phases are most of the time fcc lattices with point defects, mostly vacancies, and are promising materials also for optical computing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-affine lattice dynamics of defective fcc crystals

2017

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The mechanical, thermal and vibrational properties of defective crystals are important in many different contexts, from metallurgy and solid-state physics to, more recently, soft matter and colloidal physics. Here we study two different models of disordered fcc crystal lattices, with randomly-removed bonds and with vacancies, respectively, within the framework of non-affine lattice dynamics. We find that both systems feature the same scaling of the shear modulus with the newly defined inversion-symmetry breaking (ISB) parameter, which shows that local inversion-symmetry breaking around defects is the universal root source of the non-affine softening of the shear modulus. This finding allows us to derive analytical relations for the non-affine (zero-frequency) shear modulus as a function of vacancy concentration in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. Nevertheless, due to the different microstructural disorder, the spatial fluctuations of the local ISB parameter are different in the vacancy and bonddepleted case. The vacancy fcc exhibits comparatively a more heterogenous microstructural disorder (due to the broader distribution of coordination number Z), which is reflected in a different scaling relation between boson peak frequency in the DOS and the averageZ. These differences are less important at low vacancy concentrations, where the numerical DOS of the vacancy fcc can be well described theoretically by coherent-potential approximation, presented here for the bond-depleted fcc lattice in 3d.

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A three-dimensional optical photonic crystal with designed point defects

Cited by 479 publications

References 22 publications

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

Non-affine lattice dynamics of defective fcc crystals

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