A three‐genome five‐gene comprehensive phylogeny of the bulbous genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) challenges current classifications and reveals multiple hybridization events

Abstract

21Besides being one of the most popular ornamental bulbs in western horticulture, the 22Mediterranean genus Narcissus has been the subject of numerous studies focusing on a 23 wide scope of topics, including cytogenetics, hybridization and the evolution of 24 polymorphic sexual systems. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on chloroplast data have 25 provided a backbone for the genus but a detailed phylogenetic framework is still 26 lacking. To fill this gap, we present a phylogenetic study of the genus using five 27 markers from three genomes: ndhF and matK (chloroplast DNA), cob and atpA 28 (mitochondrial DNA), and ITS (nuclear ribosomal DNA). In addition, we use 29 chromosome counts from 89 populations representing 69 taxa. All analyses confirm that 30Narcissus is monophyletic with two main lineages largely corresponding to subgenera 31Hermione and Narcissus, but with incongruences between organellar and nuclear 32 ribosomal phylogenies. At the infrageneric level, our phylogenetic results challenge 33 well-established taxonomic groups, such as sections Jonquillae, Bulbocodii and 34Pseudonarcissi, each of which contains at least two distinct lineages that do not 35 constitute monophyletic groups, and highlight the influence of allopolyploid species in 36 the monophyly of sections within subg. Hermione. The type species of the genus and its 37 section is also nested within sect. Pseudonarcissi supporting new nomenclatural 38 changes. Our results also confirm the intersubgeneric hybrid nature of several hybrids 39 including allopolyploids (e.g., N. dubius, N. tortifolius, N. miniatus

How much do we know about the frequency of hybridisation and polyploidy in the Mediterranean region?

“…x = 11), as a result of chromosomal rearrangements, hybridisation and polyploidy, even between species not closely related (Fernandes ; Marques et al . , ). Several triploid natural hybrids are also known.…”

Species delimitation and geography

“…Lattes et al (1994) had already recognized the distinction between western and eastern subgroups of E. cassioides based on allozyme data. Thus, the IBD tests and the structure analysis of the RAD data together with allozyme data support the separation of the western populations as E. arvernensis (see Descimon & Mallet, 2009) (Marques, Fuertes Aguilar, Martins-Louçao, Moharrek, & Nieto Feliner, 2017;Rønsted, Savolainen, Mølgaard, & Jäger, 2008). Using partial Mantel tests, Medrano et al (2014) found that the classification into three subgroups remained a significant predictor of genetic distance after having statistically accounted for the effect of geographical distance for the green group, whereas the classification into three subgroups was able to explain only a small portion of the genetic variation after statistically accounting for the effect of geographical distance for the blue group.…”

Phylogenetic Patterns of Extinction Risk in the Endemic Flora of a Mediterranean Hotspot as a Guiding Tool for Preemptive Conservation Actions

“…As the Flora iberica project has been under development for forty years, several taxa have been described after their first volumes were published, many of them being endemics to the territory. Thus, an exhaustive search for these taxa (8.4% of the species in the dataset) was undertaken using the option "new taxa" on the Flora iberica website (floraiberica.es/miscelania/nuevos_taxones.php), revising published generic monographs and descriptions of new species and subspecies during these years (e.g., Salvà, 2006;Zozomová-Lihová et al, 2014;Marques et al, 2017).…”