A three year follow up of self expanding metal stents in the endoscopic palliation of longterm survivors with malignant biliary obstruction.

Risk factors for cholecystitis after metal stent placement in malignant biliary obstruction

“…[1][2][3][4] As a result of advancements in therapeutic ERCP and the development of a variety of metal stents, [5][6][7][8][9] complications after stent procedures, although not frequent, are being increasingly identified. 10 Moreover, these complications, including migration of stent, cholangitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and obstruction of the stent, may prove fatal to patients with a short life expectancy.…”

Follow-Up Study of Survival of Patients with Advanced Cancer in a Hospice Setting

“…For example, zoledronic acid in combination with chemotherapy can reduce skeleton related events in non-small cell lung cancer patients (Coleman et al, 2010). Percutaneous placement of metal stents to patients with malignant biliary obstruction were beneficial with regard to survival time (O'Brien et al, 1995). Analgesic can substantially reduce patient's suffering.…”

387 Safety and Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Management of Unresectable Bile Duct and Pancreatic Cancer: A Novel Palliation Technique

“…Long-term biliary drainage continues to be a challenge and modifications to stent design have not proven to be an effective solution [3,4,11]. SEMS have been shown to offer longer palliation than plastic stents but can occlude due to tumor growth, sludge or biofilm formation.…”

“…SEMS can occlude from tissue ingrowth or overgrowth, benign epithelial hyperplasia or secondary to biofilm, and sludge formation within the lumen of the stent [3]. Up to 50% of patients will have stent occlusion in the first 6 to 8 months [4,5]. Different design alternatives have been explored in an attempt to improve stent patency.…”