A Toll-Like Receptor 3 Ligand Enhances Protective Effects of Vaccination Against Marek's Disease Virus and Hinders Tumor Development in Chickens

Parvizi, Payvand; Mallick, Amirul Islam; Haq, Kamran; Haghighi, Hamid R.; Orouji, Shahriar; Thanthrige-Don, Niroshan; Paul, Michael St.; Brisbin, Jennifer T.; Read, Leah R.; Behboudi, Shahriar; Sharif, Shayan

doi:10.1089/vim.2012.0033

Cited by 38 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Contrary to our findings the expression of IL-1β was significantly increased in spleen of chicken embryos by treatment of CpG ODN (Dar et al, 2009). This difference may be due to type of cells present in CAM (Parvizi et al, 2012). The expression of IL-1β in CAM may recruit other cells like macrophages to the site of virus replication and these cells may be the source of iNOS.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Effect of TLR agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs

Sharma¹,

Kakker

Bhadouriya³

et al. 2020

Molecular Immunology

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A B S T R A C TAvian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly infectious and contagious viral disease of chickens caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. It can affect all age groups of birds. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune response and defense against various infections.The TLRs are essential for initiation of innate immune responses and in the development of adaptive immune responses. An in ovo model was employed to study the antiviral activity of TLR ligands (Pam3CSK4, LPS and CpG ODN) on replication of IBV. It was hypothesized that optimum dose and specific timing of TLR ligands may reduce viral load of IBV in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Further, the mechanism involved in the TLRmediated antiviral response in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of ECEs was investigated. The ECEs of 9-11 days old were treated with different doses (high, intermediate and low) of TLR-2 (Pam3CSK4), TLR-4 (LPS) and TLR-21 (CpG ODN) ligands. In addition, to know the timing of TLR ligand treatment, six time intervals were analyzed viz. 36, 24 and 12 h prior to infection, time of infection (co-administration of TLR ligands and avian IBV) and 12 and 24 h post-IBV infection. For studying the relative expression of immuno-stimulatory genes (IFNα, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, iNOS and OAS) in CAM, TLR ligands were administered through intra-allantoicroute and CAM were collected at 4, 8 and 16 h post treatment. The results demonstrated that intermediate dose of all the three TLR ligands significantly reduced virus titers and used in the present study. However, the LPS reduced virus titer pre-and post-IBV infection but Pam3CSK4 and CpG ODN reduced only pre-IBV infection. Further analysis showed that TLR ligands induced IFN-γ, IL-1β and IFN stimulated genes viz. iNOS and OAS genes in CAM. The present study pointed towards the novel opportunities for rational design of LPS as immuno-stimulatory agent in chickens with reference to IBV. It may be speculated that in ovo administration of these TLR ligands may enhance resistance against viral infection in neonatal chicken and may contribute towards the development of more effective and safer vaccines including in ovo vaccines.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Although, CpG ODN significantly increased the expression of OAS in spleen of chicken embryos (Dar et al, 2009) and lung & spleen of chicken . This difference may be due to the type of cells present in the CAM (Parvizi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TLR agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs

Sharma¹,

Kakker

Bhadouriya³

et al. 2020

Molecular Immunology

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“…Ligands for TLRs are used as adjuvants that stimulate immune responses, leading to protection against infectious diseases. We have demonstrated that the administration of TLR3 [133], TLR4 and TLR21 ligands [134] reduces the incidence of tumours and MDV genome copy numbers in the infected birds. The importance of TLR in providing protection against tumour development could be extrapolated from the results demonstrating significantly higher basal expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7 in uninfected chicken cells isolated from resistant chicken lines compared to the susceptible lines [135].…”

Section: Persistence In the Face Of Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marek’s disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology

Boodhoo

Gurung

Sharif

et al. 2016

Vet Res

Self Cite

142

130

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Marek’s disease (MD), caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.

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“…The TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) administered as an adjuvant concomitantly with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine in chickens could enhance the protective efficacy against Marek’s disease tumors [40]. A recent study has shown that poly(I:C) has the ability to enhance host immunity against avian influenza viruses (AIV) H4N6 including a significant decrease in virus shedding, upregulation of IFN-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in the spleen, and type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β), IL-8, and IL-18 expression in the lungs [41].…”

Section: Toll-like Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds

Chen

Cheng

Wang

2013

Vet Res

135

121

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Similar to mammals, several viral-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been identified in birds including Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR). Avian TLR are slightly different from their mammalian counterparts, including the pseudogene TLR8, the absence of TLR9, and the presence of TLR1La, TLR1Lb, TLR15, and TLR21. Avian TLR3 and TLR7 are involved in RNA virus recognition, especially highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), while TLR15 and TLR21 are potential sensors that recognize both RNA viruses and bacteria. However, the agonist of TLR15 is still unknown. Interestingly, chickens, unlike ducks, geese and finches, lack RIG-I, however they do express melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) which functionally compensates for the absence of RIG-I. Duck RIG-I is the cytosolic recognition element for HPAIV recognition, while chicken cells sense HPAIV through MDA5. However, the contributions of MDA5 and RIG-I to IFN-β induction upon HPAIV infection is different, and this may contribute to the chicken’s susceptibility to highly pathogenic influenza. It is noteworthy that the interactions between avian DNA viruses and PRR have not yet been reported. Furthermore, the role for avian Nod-like receptors (NLR) in viral immunity is largely unknown. In this review, recent advances in the field of viral recognition by different types of PRR in birds are summarized. In particular, the tissue and cellular distribution of avian PRR, the recognition and activation of PRR by viruses, and the subsequent expression of innate antiviral genes such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines are discussed.

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A Toll-Like Receptor 3 Ligand Enhances Protective Effects of Vaccination Against Marek's Disease Virus and Hinders Tumor Development in Chickens

Cited by 38 publications

References 46 publications

Effect of TLR agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs

Effect of TLR agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs

Marek’s disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology

Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds

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