“…To demonstrate the efficiency of our VTL, the results of our experiments are compared with several unsupervised domain adaptation methods including EMFS (2018) [40], EasyTL (2019) [41], STJML (2020) [42], GEF (2019) [43], DWDA (2021) [44], CDMA (2020) [45], ALML (2022) [46], TTLC (2021) [33], SGA-MDAP (2020) [47], NSO (2020) [48], FSUTL (2020) [49], PLC (2021) [50], GSI (2021) [51] and ICDAV (2022) [52]. In the experiments, VTL begins with learning a domain invariant and class discriminative latent feature space according to Equation (18).…”