A transformer-based multi-task deep learning model for simultaneous infiltrated brain area identification and segmentation of gliomas

Abstract

Background The anatomical infiltrated brain area and the boundaries of gliomas have a significant impact on clinical decision making and available treatment options. Identifying glioma-infiltrated brain areas and delineating the tumor manually is a laborious and time-intensive process. Previous deep learning-based studies have mainly been focused on automatic tumor segmentation or predicting genetic/histological features. However, few studies have specifically addressed the identification of infiltrated brain areas. To bridge this gap, we aim to develop a model that can simultaneously identify infiltrated brain areas and perform accurate segmentation of gliomas. Methods We have developed a transformer-based multi-task deep learning model that can perform two tasks simultaneously: identifying infiltrated brain areas segmentation of gliomas. The multi-task model leverages shaped location and boundary information to enhance the performance of both tasks. Our retrospective study involved 354 glioma patients (grades II-IV) with single or multiple brain area infiltrations, which were divided into training (N = 270), validation (N = 30), and independent test (N = 54) sets. We evaluated the predictive performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Dice scores. Results Our multi-task model achieved impressive results in the independent test set, with an AUC of 94.95% (95% CI, 91.78–97.58), a sensitivity of 87.67%, a specificity of 87.31%, and accuracy of 87.41%. Specifically, for grade II-IV glioma, the model achieved AUCs of 95.25% (95% CI, 91.09–98.23, 84.38% sensitivity, 89.04% specificity, 87.62% accuracy), 98.26% (95% CI, 95.22–100, 93.75% sensitivity, 98.15% specificity, 97.14% accuracy), and 93.83% (95%CI, 86.57–99.12, 92.00% sensitivity, 85.71% specificity, 87.37% accuracy) respectively for the identification of infiltrated brain areas. Moreover, our model achieved a mean Dice score of 87.60% for the whole tumor segmentation. Conclusions Experimental results show that our multi-task model achieved superior performance and outperformed the state-of-the-art methods. The impressive performance demonstrates the potential of our work as an innovative solution for identifying tumor-infiltrated brain areas and suggests that it can be a practical tool for supporting clinical decision making.