A Transient Pseudo‐Capacitor Using a Bioderived Ionic Liquid with Na Ions

Abstract

A pseudo-capacitor with transient behavior was applied in implantable, disposable, and bioresorbable devices, incorporating an Na ion-doped bioderived ionic liquid, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)-covered molybdenum foil, and silk sheet as the electrolyte, electrode, and separator, respectively. Sodium lactate is dissolved in choline lactate as a source of Na ions.The Experimental results reveal that the Na ions are intercalated into the van der Waals gaps in MoO3, and the pseudo-capacitor shows an areal capacitance (1.5 mF/cm 2 ) that is three times larger than that without the Na ion. The fast ion diffusion of the electrolyte and the low resistance of the MoO3 and Mo interface resulted in an equivalent series resistance of 96 Ω. A cycle test indicated that the pseudo-capacitor exhibited a high capacitance retention of 82.8% after 10 000 cycles. The transient behavior was confirmed by the dissolution of the pseudocapacitor into phosphate-buffered saline solution after 101 days. Potential applications of transient pseudo-capacitors include electronics without the need for device retrieval after use, including smart agriculture, implantable, and wearable devices.

Recent Progress in Transient Energy Storage using Biodegradable Materials

“…[26] [Ch][Lac] also shows high thermal stability up to 200 °C and decomposes at 250 °C, which characteristics are similar to that of [Ch][NO 3 ]. [27] Its ionic conductivity and potential windows are 163 μS cm À1 and 3 V. [28] Choline produces salt derivatives with alkaline metals Li, Na, and Ca, and [Ch][Lac] can accommodate salts [Li][Lac], [Na][Lac], and [Ca][Lac] by 10, 15, and 15 wt%, respectively. [28,29] The biodegradation of [Ch][Lac] and its mixtures of salt derivatives were investigated according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for testing chemicals (OECD 301C modified Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (MITI) test (I)).…”

“…[27] Its ionic conductivity and potential windows are 163 μS cm À1 and 3 V. [28] Choline produces salt derivatives with alkaline metals Li, Na, and Ca, and [Ch][Lac] can accommodate salts [Li][Lac], [Na][Lac], and [Ca][Lac] by 10, 15, and 15 wt%, respectively. [28,29] The biodegradation of [Ch][Lac] and its mixtures of salt derivatives were investigated according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for testing chemicals (OECD 301C modified Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (MITI) test (I)). According to a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, the biodegradability of [Ch][Lac] (BD BOD_PIL ) reached 70%, and the BD BOD s curves for [Ch][Lac] with metal ions Li, Na, and Ca were more than 75% after the test, indicating that the alkaline metal ions and the density did not hinder the degradation process of active sludge.…”

“…This new class of ILs is widely known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), [31] and DESs are typically obtained by complexation of a Reproduced with permission. [29] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.…”

“…The biodegradability curves of a) PIL, b) ILLi 5 , c) ILLi 10 , d) ILNa 5 , e) ILNa 10 , f ) ILNa 15 , g) ILCa 5 , h) ILCa 10 , and i) ILCa1 15 during the incubation at 25 °C for 28 days under the OECD 301C modified MITI test (I). Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.…”

Biodegradable Mg–Mo2C MXene Air Batteries for Transient Energy Storage

“…Therefore, devices that disappear without leaching harmful substances are highly desired. Transient electronics have attracted considerable attention with biodegradable materials − in environmental sensing, implants, and wearable devices due to their high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and environmental benignity, and researchers have developed transient electronic devices such as transistors, − sensors, − and photonic devices. − Transient energy storage is essential to operate electronic devices; therefore, transient supercapacitors, − pseudocapacitors, − and batteries − have also been developed. Transient primary batteries have been studied because of their facile fabrication, high energy capacity, and use of benign materials.…”