2019
DOI: 10.1007/s11207-019-1504-9
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A Transit of Venus Possibly Misinterpreted as an Unaided-Eye Sunspot Observation in China on 9 December 1874

Abstract: Large sunspots can be observed with the unaided eye under suitable atmospheric seeing conditions. Such observations are of particular value because the frequency of their appearance provides an approximate indication of the prevailing level of solar activity. Unaided-eye sunspot observations can be traced back well before the start of telescopic observations of the Sun, especially in the East Asian historical records. It is therefore important to compare more-modern, unaided-eye sunspot observations with the r… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications
(1 citation statement)
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References 71 publications
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“…In these cases, we computed the disk orientations and heliographic coordinates of the sunspot observations and compared their relative positions with the lunar shade or transit path of Mercury or Venus for each observational site (Figures 9 and 10). We used the rotation elements of Archinal et al (2011aArchinal et al ( , 2011b, the ephemeris data of JPL DE430 (Folkner et al 2014), and the values of the difference of the terrestrial and universal times (ΔT) of Stephenson et al (2016), as per Hayakawa et al (2019bHayakawa et al ( , 2021. Likewise, we derived sunspot positions from sunspot drawings with known disk orientations and explicit observational time stamps.…”
Section: Sunspot Positionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In these cases, we computed the disk orientations and heliographic coordinates of the sunspot observations and compared their relative positions with the lunar shade or transit path of Mercury or Venus for each observational site (Figures 9 and 10). We used the rotation elements of Archinal et al (2011aArchinal et al ( , 2011b, the ephemeris data of JPL DE430 (Folkner et al 2014), and the values of the difference of the terrestrial and universal times (ΔT) of Stephenson et al (2016), as per Hayakawa et al (2019bHayakawa et al ( , 2021. Likewise, we derived sunspot positions from sunspot drawings with known disk orientations and explicit observational time stamps.…”
Section: Sunspot Positionsmentioning
confidence: 99%