“…The timing, duration, dosing, and type of VA used varied among trials and retrospective observational studies. Surgical factors such as type of surgery [13 ▪ ], aortic cross clamp time [13 ▪ ,32], and type of cardioplegia [37 ▪ ] may also influence postoperative myocardial function. In addition, patient-related factors such as age, sex, associated comorbidities and medications taken may have played a role in APC [73,74] (Fig.…”