A Triboelectric Nanogenerator Exploiting the Bernoulli Effect for Scavenging Wind Energy

Survey of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Exploitation of energy from solar and wind sources is at a mature level for large-scale applications and are widely used for industrial energy generation, but many of these methods are not compatible with miniature wireless sensor nodes [3] as the turbines are generally too bulky for what is required for WSNs [2]. However, there are several alternative methods for harvesting fluid flow for microelectronics including flapping wings based on the triboelectric effect [53], electromagnetic oscillating wings exploiting aerodynamic flutter [54], [55], piezoelectric methods [56], [57], and miniature turbines [58].…”

“…Although air flow harvesters are likely to be most applicable in outdoor environments such as agriculture [61] with potentially high (if variable) wind speeds, they have been shown to work at lower airflow speeds found in indoor environments, calm weather or based on simple human movements. For instance, Fei et al presented a fluttering vibrationbased EH system capable of charging a 1 F supercapacitor to 2 V under ventilation duct air flow speeds of less than 3 ms −1 [55], Chen et al developed a triboelectric flutter harvester that could capture energy at wind velocities as low as 1.6 ms −1 and generate optimal power densities at 8 ms −1 with a power density of 52 nW cm −3 and a voltage and current of 175 V and 434 µA [53], and Rezaei-Hosseinabadi et al showcased a wind EH design that combined a piezoelectric beam alongside a small wind turbine to harvest energy at low wind speeds on a cm-scale prototype achieving a power density of 0.59 mW cm −3 [62].…”

Redox-induced electricity for energy scavenging and self-powered sensors

“…As reported by the European Renewable Energy Council, almost 50% of the total energy supply will be derived from renewable sources by 2040. 2 For instance, some excellent energyharvesting nanogenerators based on triboelectric, [3][4][5] piezoelectric, 6,7 pyroelectric, 8,9 thermoelectric effects, 10,11 and redoxinduced electricity 12 have become a new hope for researchers to tackle the energy demand and toxicity of batteries. Many of these energy harvesting systems have been hybridized to achieve higher outputs by harvesting more than one sustainable energy source.…”

Ferroelectric Materials Based Coupled Nanogenerators

“…The conventional semiconductor materials do not own this property and so ferroelectrics gather more attention [52]. The most active ferroelectric materials encapsulated in nanogenerator application are inorganic ferroelectric ceramics and organic polymers; the best of them include BaTiO 3 (BTO) [53], PbZr 1-x Ti x O 3 (PZT) [54], Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 (NBT) [55], KNaNbO 3 (KNN) [56], BiFeO 3 (BFO) [57], Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT) [58], PVDF [59][60][61], and P(VDF-TrFE) [62]. In comparison with inorganic ferroelectrics, very few organic ferroelectrics exist.…”