“…In addition, mutualistic consortia also endow microorganisms with higher synthetic titres through unique abilities, such as balancing metabolic flow, relieving metabolic burden, optimising resource utilisation, enriching the cellular environment and cofactors, and adapting to fluctuating environments. Considering these advantages, microbial consortium strategies have been extended to construct bacterial, yeast, and yeast systems for the synthesis of terpenoids, 214 phenylpropanoids, 215,216 and polyketones, 217 and alkaloids. 218 However, most are simply mixed cultures formed by changing the initial inoculation ratio, 219 which makes it difficult to form a stable community, and this instability is further amplified in large-scale fermentation.…”