A Triple Iron Triathlon Leads to a Decrease in Total Body Mass But Not to Dehydration

Knechtle, Beat; Knechtle, Patrizia; Rosemann, Thomas; Senn, Oliver

doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599680

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Regarding dehydration in ultra-endurance athletes, no dehydration was reported for mountain bike ultra-marathoners (Knechtle, et al, 2009c) and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes (Knechtle, et al, 2010c). In a recent study on ultra-marathoners in a 24-hour ultra-run, it was even questioned whether ultra-runners really dehydrate (Knechtle, et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, several studies were performed to investigate the changes in both body mass and hydration status in ultra-endurance athletes (Kao, et al, 2008;Knechtle, Wirth, Knechtle, & Rosemann, 2009d;Knechtle, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Senn, 2009c;Knechtle, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Senn, 2010c;Knechtle et al, 2010d;Knechtle, Wirth, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Senn, 2011b;Zouhal et al, 2009). Regarding dehydration in ultra-endurance athletes, no dehydration was reported for mountain bike ultra-marathoners (Knechtle, et al, 2009c) and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes (Knechtle, et al, 2010c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

Knechtle¹,

Knechtle²,

Wirth³

et al. 2012

Journal of Sports Sciences

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In 219 recreational male runners, we investigated changes in body mass, total body water, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na(+)]), and urine specific gravity as well as fluid intake during a 100-km ultra-marathon. The athletes lost 1.9 kg (s = 1.4) of body mass, equal to 2.5% (s = 1.8) of body mass (P < 0.001), 0.7 kg (s = 1.0) of predicted skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001), 0.2 kg (s = 1.3) of predicted fat mass (P < 0.05), and 0.9 L (s = 1.6) of predicted total body water (P < 0.001). Haematocrit decreased (P < 0.001), urine specific gravity (P < 0.001), plasma volume (P < 0.05), and plasma [Na(+)] (P < 0.05) all increased. Change in body mass was related to running speed (r = -0.16, P < 0.05), change in plasma volume was associated with change in plasma [Na(+)] (r = -0.28, P < 0.0001), and change in body mass was related to both change in plasma [Na(+)] (r = -0.36) and change in plasma volume (r = 0.31) (P < 0.0001). The athletes consumed 0.65 L (s = 0.27) fluid per hour. Fluid intake was related to both running speed (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001) and change in body mass (r = 0.23, P = 0.0006), but not post-race plasma [Na(+)] or change in plasma [Na(+)] (P > 0.05). In conclusion, faster runners lost more body mass, runners lost more body mass when they drank less fluid, and faster runners drank more fluid than slower runners. AbstractWe investigated in 219 recreational male runners the changes (Δ) in body mass, total body water, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na + ]) and urine specific gravity as well as fluid intake during a 100-km ultra-marathon. The athletes lost 1.9 (s = 1.4) kg of body mass, equal to 2.5 (s = 1.8) % in body mass (P < 0.001), 0.7 (s = 1.0) kg of predicted skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001), 0.2 (s = 1.3) kg of predicted fat mass (P < 0.05) and 0.9 (s = 1.6) L of predicted total body water (P < 0.001). Haematocrit decreased (P < 0.001), urine specific gravity (P < 0.001), plasma volume (P < 0.05), and plasma [Na + ] (P < 0.05) increased.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

Knechtle¹,

Knechtle²,

Wirth³

et al. 2012

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…They have to be in a very good physical and psychical condition to complete such a race because an ultra-triathlon challenges the human body enormously and the recovery phase can require several days (Knechtle, Duff, Amtmann & Kohler 2008a, Knechtle, Schwanke, Knechtle & Kohler 2008c, Knechtle, Knechtle, Andonie & Kohler 2009a, Knechtle, Vinzent, Kirby, Knechtle & Rosemann 2009b, Knechtle, Knechtle, Rosemann & Oliver 2010a, 2011a. The athletes also have to bear the costs of their own support crew to provide nutrition and changes of clothing and equipment, travel costs and accommodation, and ~$200 to $700 to start in a competition (www.iutasport.com).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most previous studies focused on influences of physiology (Herbst et al 2011, Knechtle, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Oliver, 2010a (Gulbin, & Gaffney, 1999, Knechtle, Wirth, Baumann, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Senn 2010c, Knechtle, Knechtle, Rüst, & Rosemann 2011a, Knechtle, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Senn 2011c, Lepers, Knechtle, Knechtle, & Rosemann 2011. However, aspects such as nationality trends of ultra-triathletes were…”

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confidence: 99%

From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011

Lenherr

Knechtle²,

Rüst

et al. 2012

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011Participation in ultra-endurance performance is of increasing popularity. We analyzed the historic development of the ultra-triathlon scene from 1985 to 2011 focusing on a) worldwide distribution of competition, b) participation, c) gender, and d) athlete nationality. We examined the participation trends of 3,579 athletes, involving 3,297 men (92.1%) and 300 women (7.9%), using linear regression analyses. Between 1985 and 2011, a total of 96 Double Iron ultra-triathlons (7.6km swimming, 360km cycling, and 84.4km running), 51 Triple Iron ultra-triathlons (11.6km swimming, 540km cycling, and 126.6km running), five Quadruple Iron ultra-triathlons (15.2km swimming, 720km cycling, and 168.8km running), five Quintuple Iron ultra-triathlons (19km swimming, 900km cycling, and 211km running), 11 Deca Iron ultra-triathlons (38km swimming, 1,800km cycling, and 422km running), and two Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlons (76km swimming, 3,600km cycling, and 844km running) were held. In total, 56.7% of the races were in Europe, 37.4% in North America, 5.3% in South America, and less than 1% in Asia. Europeans comprised 80% of the athletes. The number of male participants in Double (r2 = .56; P < .001) and Triple Iron ultra-triathlon (r2 = .47; P < .001) and the number of female participants in Double Iron ultra-triathlon (r2 = .66; P < .001) increased significantly. Less than 8% of the athletes total participated in an ultra-triathlon longer than a Triple Iron ultra-triathlon. Europeans won by far the most competitions in every distance. In conclusion, ultra-triathlon popularity is mainly limited to a) European and North American men and b) Double and Triple Iron ultra-triathlons. Future studies need to investigate the motivation of these ultra-endurance athletes to compete in these extreme races.

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“…On the contrary, the use of post-race U sg concentration is also limited (2, 6, 7). An increase in U sg often occurs due to muscle catabolism and elevated plasma urea during an ultra-endurance performance (41,42) and/or protein digestion (25). Catabolic products of protein metabolism associated with physical strain (13) could be related to the increased urine osmolality in Case 2 and Case 3, which limits its potential utility for the assessment of dehydration.…”

Section: Changes In Body Mass Urine Specific Gravity and Eahmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of Three Female 24-h Ultra-Endurance Race Winners in Various Weather Conditions and Disciplines

et al. 2017

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A The incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is higher in women than in men. We present three cases of a very mild post-race EAH in female winners of three 24-h ultra races in various weather conditions and disciplines with post-race plasma sodium [Na] levels of 134 mM (Case 1), 133 mM (Case 2) and 134 mM (Case 3). Moreover, Case 1 and Case 2 showed elevated creatine kinase concentrations of >10,000 U/l with an absence of renal function abnormality. The common characteristics were female sex, veteran recreational category, long race experience in the particular sports discipline, excellent race performance, similar total weekly training hours and the presence of luteal phase of the menstrual cycle during the race. Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased and post-race K/Na ratio in urine increased in all three cases. In addition, an increased body mass and a decreased urine specific gravity and urine osmolality suggested over-drinking in Case 1. A decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and creatine clearance accompanied by an increase in urine [Na] may contribute to fluid overload in Cases 2 and 3. Furthermore, urine osmolality reached a level indicating antidiuretic hormone secretion in all the present cases. Therefore, we recommend that race medical personnel should not forget to look for EAH even in fast and experienced female athletes and during races in different environmental conditions.

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A Triple Iron Triathlon Leads to a Decrease in Total Body Mass But Not to Dehydration

Cited by 30 publications

References 39 publications

A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011

Description of Three Female 24-h Ultra-Endurance Race Winners in Various Weather Conditions and Disciplines

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