A tube spacer to improve inhalation of drugs from pressurised aerosols.

Abstract

CommentThe cause of uraemic pruritus is unknown. In some cases it may be due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Only in these patients is parathyroidectomy indicated.2 The mechanisms of other treatments such as ultraviolet light3 or cholestyramine4 are unknown and are effective in only some cases. In our patient the rapid and complete disappearance of pruritus after lowering the dialysate magnesium concentration suggests a causative relation between itching and serum magnesium concentration. Lowering the dialysate magnesium concentration is known to restore nerve conduction velocity towards normal in patients receiving CHD,5 and this could be the reason for the complete disappearance of the pruritus in our patient.

New Method for Easy Labeling of Beta-2-Agonists in the Metered Dose Inhaler with Technetium 99 m

“…The method presented for simple label ing of |T-agonists in an MDI permits di rect measurement of the effectiveness of numerous expander models which have since been proposed [Bloomfield et al, 1979;Corr et al, 1980;Kim et al, 1981;Moren, 1978;Stauder, 1980]. In addition, optimization of the technology of MDI and of the inhalation maneuver is made easier.…”

Inhaler technique and training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma

“…Spacers achieve this by reducing aerosol particle velocity due to the spray encountering air resistance, and a reduction in aerosol particle diameter due to evaporation. The use of a spacer device has long been recognized to improve the inhalation of drugs from pMDIs, particularly for patients with difficulty using a pMDI alone [16,23]. The use of a spacer in combination with a pMDI may reduce the risk of adverse side effects, particularly in relation to the use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids [24].…”

Relative bioavailability of salbutamol to the lung following inhalation using metered dose inhalation methods and spacer devices.

“…Compared with the MDI the inhalation aid increases were much greater than the intra-individual variability of the urinary excretion method. In 11 individuals who each repeated the same inhalation procedure on four separate occasions, the mean (SD) coefficient of variation was [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] (2-36)%. The mean (SD) 24 hour urinary excretion of salbutamol and its metabolites was 26-6 (6 79), 27'0 (7 95), and 55-6 (9- Inhalation from a static aerosol cloud, from within these devices, reduces particle velocity during inspiration thereby limiting oropharyngeal impaction and systemic absorption.…”