Detection
of analytes in biological systems is pivotal to explore
their physiological roles and provide diagnostic and treatment options
for related diseases, which however remains a great challenge. Optical
nanoprobes that exhibit absorption or fluorescence signal changes
in response to the targets of interest have emerged as a versatile
class of biosensors in the field. Polyethylenimine (PEI) with abundant
amine groups plays indispensable roles in the construction of optical
nanoprobes and mediating the sensing processes. After interaction
with analytes, PEI-based optical nanoprobes can be induced to form
aggregates, be disassembled or separated into individual units, or
undergo structure/component alterations. As such, the optical properties
of these nanoprobes have corresponding changes, allowing for sensitive
and selective detection of a wide variety of analytes in biological
environment. Up to now, detections of reactive oxygen species, pH,
metal ions, biothiols, neurotransmitters, therapeutic agents, oxygen
levels, enzyme activities, and virus/bacteria have been successfully
demonstrated using PEI-based optical nanoprobes. Herein, we summarize
the recent developments of PEI-based optical nanoprobes for biosensing
applications and highlight the probe designs and sensing mechanisms.
The existing challenges and prospects regarding biosensing applications
of PEI-based optical nanoprobes are also briefly discussed.