A Tutorial on 3GPP Initial Cell Search: Exploring a Potential for Intelligence Based Cell Search

Won, Seok-Jun; Choi, Sang Won

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095346

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The capability of the proposed architecture to process in parallel multiple beams at the transmitter and at the receiver greatly reduces the issues related to network discovery, cell search, and initial access [59] which become more and more problematic as narrower beams are formed by the BTS and for scenarios where node location is not known a priori [28]. Recent simulation-based results confirming initial access latency reductions when the BTS supports multiple beams at the transmit side were recently reported in [48].…”

Section: Multi-band Multi-beam Transmit Architecturementioning

confidence: 91%

Fourier-Optics Based Opto-Electronic Architectures for Simultaneous Multi-Band, Multi-Beam, and Wideband Transmit and Receive Phased Arrays

Prather

Galli²,

Schneider

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Current trends in wireless communications require a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) to support an ever-increasing number of antennas, wider bandwidths, multiple frequency bands, and many simultaneous beams. This is a tall order when considering all-electronic implementations, especially when operating at high carrier frequencies. We describe here Fourier-optics based opto-electronic architectures that include analog and fully connected transmit (TX) and receive (RX) implementations that support simultaneous multiband, multi-beam phased arrays where optical up-and down-conversion are used to generate IF/RF and RF/IF, respectively, signals for simultaneous multi-user and multi-beam transmission and reception over a wide range of frequencies. The proposed lens-based architectures have the ability to transmit and receive multiple distinct beams simultaneously even when only analog beamforming is performed, thus greatly simplifying the tasks of cell search and initial access without having to resort to complex matrix-based beamforming networks. Additionally, lens-based TX and RX beamforming is performed in the analog optical domain with zero power consumption and negligible latency bounded only by the time the light takes to travel through the lens. Photonic signal processing also reduces the number of RF components required at the remote radio unit (RRU) and the number of costly and power-hungry high-performance analog-to-digital/digital-toanalog converters (ADCs/DACs) required. The optical subsystems are ultra-wideband and frequency agnostic as only the front-end components (antennas, amplifiers) are RF frequency/band specific. Therefore, a single photonic system design may be operated at any band and, furthermore, existing installations may be modified/upgraded to operate in different bands with minimal component replacements needed. Finally, the presented architectures provide near unlimited beam-bandwidth product (BBP) with minimal power requirements and no external cooling. Theoretical analysis and experimental confirmation of the proposed architecture will both be reported, including a receiver with a nominal BBP of 36 GHz with a prototype system that consumed less than 300 W, thus yielding a power efficiency of beam formation of 8 W/GHz, which is more than a 6× improvement over the current state of the art.INDEX TERMS beamforming, microwave photonics, optical coherent detection, radio-over-fiber, wireless communications, beam bandwidth product.

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Section: Multi-band Multi-beam Transmit Architecturementioning

confidence: 91%

Fourier-Optics Based Opto-Electronic Architectures for Simultaneous Multi-Band, Multi-Beam, and Wideband Transmit and Receive Phased Arrays

Prather

Galli²,

Schneider

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We consider an OFDM system consisting of M equi-spaced subcarriers [15][16][17][18]. To create a time-domain OFDM symbol with a duration of T, we apply an M-point inverse DFT (IDFT) to the complex-valued data symbol X q (m) with symbol energy E X = E{|X q (m)| 2 }, where m = 0, 1, • • • , M − 1 is the subcarrier index and E{•} denotes the expectation operator.…”

Section: Signal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the NR initial access procedure, the NR-PSS detection can be challenging due to the presence of substantial initial time and frequency offsets, which may result in performance degradation of the UE receiver [17][18][19]. To solve such a problem, a differential correlation strategy was devised to jointly detect the integer CFO (ICFO) and CIDS in the frequency domain [20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity-Effective Joint Detection of Physical Cell Identity and Integer Frequency Offset in 5G New Radio Communication Systems

You,

Jung,

Lee

et al. 2023

Mathematics

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This paper presents a simplified joint synchronization scheme for the integer carrier frequency offset and physical cell identity using a primary synchronization signal (PSS) in 5G new radio (NR) communication systems. We demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed NR-PSS synchronization scheme by deriving its simplified implementation, which exploits the near-zero autocorrelation feature between cyclically shifted NR-PSS symbols. As a figure of merit, we compute the probability of detection failure of the proposed NR-PSS synchronization scheme and validate its accuracy via simulations. To illustrate the benefits and limitations of the proposed NR-PSS synchronization scheme, we compare it with the conventional NR-PSS synchronization scheme, considering factors such as detection performance and computation complexity. Numerical results indicate that, regardless of the channel environment, the proposed NR-PSS synchronization scheme achieves a significant reduction in arithmetic complexity while maintaining the same detection capability as existing NR-PSS synchronization schemes.

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“…To sum up, 1G and 2G use Frequency Based Cell Search, 3G, 4G, and 5G use Code Based Cell Search [22]. In this article, we compared tone-based cell search method with code-based method.…”

Section: B Motivation and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison Between Tone-Based and Code-Based Cell Search Schemes for Multipath Division Multiple Access

et al. 2022

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Cell search procedure is an essential and critical process in an early stage when the user equipment (UE) is powered on. It mainly comprises symbol and frame timing synchronization, frequency offset compensation, and base station (BS) identification. Among the current exiting 3G, 4G and 5G mobile networks, the UE completes the initial cell search based on different code sequences. In this paper, we investigate and compare two kinds of cell search methodology. Tone-based and code-based methods are explored for massive antenna systems. The detailed description and analysis are offered for two approaches. Simulation results indicate that the tone-based cell search not only possesses stable performance with respect to path numbers but also outperforms the code-based one in general channel realizations in terms of cell search error probability. The results suggest that the tone-based cell search could be used for 5G communication systems.INDEX TERMS initial cell search, tone-based cell search, 5G, cellular systems, massive antennas

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A Tutorial on 3GPP Initial Cell Search: Exploring a Potential for Intelligence Based Cell Search

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Fourier-Optics Based Opto-Electronic Architectures for Simultaneous Multi-Band, Multi-Beam, and Wideband Transmit and Receive Phased Arrays

Fourier-Optics Based Opto-Electronic Architectures for Simultaneous Multi-Band, Multi-Beam, and Wideband Transmit and Receive Phased Arrays

Complexity-Effective Joint Detection of Physical Cell Identity and Integer Frequency Offset in 5G New Radio Communication Systems

A Comparison Between Tone-Based and Code-Based Cell Search Schemes for Multipath Division Multiple Access

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