A two-photon ratiometric fluorescence probe for Cupric Ions in Live Cells and Tissues

Abstract

Development of sensitive and selective probes for cupric ions (Cu2+) at cell and tissue level is a challenging work for progress in understanding the biological effects of Cu2+. Here, we report a ratiometric two-photon probe for Cu2+ based on the organic-inorganic hybrids of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and Nile Blue dye. Meanwhile, Cu-free derivative of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) – E2Zn2SOD is designed as the unique receptor for Cu2+ and conjugated on the surface of GQDs. This probe shows a blue-to-yellow color change in repose to Cu2+, good selectivity, low cytotoxicity, long-term photostability, and insensitivity to pH over the biologically relevant pH range. The developed probe allows the direct visualization of Cu2+ levels in live cells as well as in deep-tissues at 90–180 μm depth through the use of two-photon microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of ascorbic acid is also evaluated on intracellular Cu2+ binding to E2Zn2SOD by this probe.

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