A typology of clinical conditions

Tresker, Steven

doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101291

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Within this analysis, those deemed "without clinical condition" for our purposes came from one of two categories: Research participants who were assumed to be healthy in nonclinical studies or who did not have the clinical condition being studied (e.g., healthy controls) in clinical studies, versus research participants with a clinical condition that was being studied. Conditions of the research participants in the "with clinical condition" category included a variety of diseases, disorders, illnesses, injuries, and syndromes that all required medical treatment, but do not fall into a single classification (Tresker, 2020).…”

Section: Health Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Chua

Díaz²,

Lewthwaite³

et al. 2021

Psychological Bulletin

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Considerable literature on the role of attentional focus in motor performance and learning has accumulated for over two decades. We report the results of comprehensive meta-analyses that address the impact of an external focus (EF, on intended movement effects) versus internal focus (IF, on movements of body parts) of attention on the performance and learning of motor skills. Values of effect sizes (ES) from 73 studies with 1,824 participants and 40 studies with 1,274 participants were used for examining the effects of EF versus IF on behavioral outcomes of motor performance and learning (separately for retention and transfer phases) respectively. The EF condition was more effective than the IF condition for performance, Hedges’ g value = 0.264 (95% CI [0.217, 0.310]), retention learning, Hedges’ g value = 0.583 (95% CI [0.425, 0.741]), and transfer learning, Hedges’ g value = 0.584 (95% CI [0.325, 0.842]). Multivariable metaregression analyses on behavioral measures further indicated that neither age group, health status, or skill level, nor their two-way interactions, moderated the ES differences between EF and IF in performance, retention, and transfer models (all p > .100). A secondary analysis on 12 studies with 216 participants that examined the effects of EF versus IF on electromyographic outcomes of motor performance also indicated that EF was associated with more efficient neuromuscular processing, Hedges’ g value = 0.833 (95% CI [0.453, 1.213]). From nine studies with 272 participants, performance measured by behavioral outcomes was found to be more effective when a more distal, rather than proximal, EF was used, Hedges’ g value = 0.224 (95% CI [0.019, 0.429]). Overall, the meta-analytic results are consistent with prior narrative reviews and indicate that an external focus is superior to an internal focus whether considering tests of motor performance or learning, and regardless of age, health condition, and level of skill expertise.

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Section: Health Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Chua

Díaz²,

Lewthwaite³

et al. 2021

Psychological Bulletin

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“…We hope that this manuscript fosters the discussion on whether sepsis would benefit from a more nuanced diagnosis approach where probability categories are used to tailor diagnosis and treatment (as is the case of aspergillosis, where possible/probable categories have been in use but may also be applicable to other medical conditions) [ 22 , 23 ]. Despite over 30 years of controversy, all sepsis definitions are binary , that is, they do not consider the uncertainty that permeates clinical decision-making, focusing more on severity of illness than in the very probability that the findings are due to active infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attributable mortality due to nosocomial sepsis in Brazilian hospitals: a case–control study

Zampieri

Cavalcanti²,

Taniguchi

et al. 2023

Ann. Intensive Care

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Background Nosocomial sepsis is a major healthcare issue, but there are few data on estimates of its attributable mortality. We aimed to estimate attributable mortality fraction (AF) due to nosocomial sepsis. Methods Matched 1:1 case–control study in 37 hospitals in Brazil. Hospitalized patients in participating hospitals were included. Cases were hospital non-survivors and controls were hospital survivors, which were matched by admission type and date of discharge. Exposure was defined as occurrence of nosocomial sepsis, defined as antibiotic prescription plus presence of organ dysfunction attributed to sepsis without an alternative reason for organ failure; alternative definitions were explored. Main outcome measurement was nosocomial sepsis-attributable fractions, estimated using inversed-weight probabilities methods using generalized mixed model considering time-dependency of sepsis occurrence. Results 3588 patients from 37 hospitals were included. Mean age was 63 years and 48.8% were female at birth. 470 sepsis episodes occurred in 388 patients (311 in cases and 77 in control group), with pneumonia being the most common source of infection (44.3%). Average AF for sepsis mortality was 0.076 (95% CI 0.068–0.084) for medical admissions; 0.043 (95% CI 0.032–0.055) for elective surgical admissions; and 0.036 (95% CI 0.017–0.055) for emergency surgeries. In a time-dependent analysis, AF for sepsis rose linearly for medical admissions, reaching close to 0.12 on day 28; AF plateaued earlier for other admission types (0.04 for elective surgery and 0.07 for urgent surgery). Alternative sepsis definitions yield different estimates. Conclusion The impact of nosocomial sepsis on outcome is more pronounced in medical admissions and tends to increase over time. The results, however, are sensitive to sepsis definitions.

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“…The eight categories and examples of clinical vignettes. In bold, information that is consistent with the factors according to Treskerʹs typology [21]. The elements that characterize each situation are in bold.…”

Section: Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Sixteen clinical vignettes were designed, two for each category. The respondents were shown only the vignettes and not how each situation was categorized according to Tresker [21]. The responders were asked if they considered each situation as a disease or not and to motivate their choice with a free text.…”

Section: Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is a Disease for Doctors? A Realist Thematic Analysis and Implications for Medical Education

Consorti,

Melcarne,

Pisanelli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Given the long-standing debate about the nature of the concept of disease, the objective of this study was to understand how doctors categorize a condition as a disease or not and what kind of information they use. A survey with a set of clinical vignettes was designed, and a group of physicians were asked to interpret those situations as a disease or not and to motivate their choice with a short written text. Thematic analysis of the answers resulted in four themes: the temporal dimension of a disease, reification of disease, disease as an existential condition, and disease as a motivation to action. The respondents’ interpretations were very heterogeneous, supporting the idea that physicians do not share a common prototypical concept of disease. An interpretation of these results according to a critical realist and systemic approach suggested that the doctor-patient relationship is the context able to influence the interpretation of a condition as a disease or not as the final outcome of a process in which both objective, subjective, and socially mediated elements are taken into consideration.

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A typology of clinical conditions

Cited by 16 publications

References 58 publications

Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Attributable mortality due to nosocomial sepsis in Brazilian hospitals: a case–control study

What Is a Disease for Doctors? A Realist Thematic Analysis and Implications for Medical Education

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