A Typology of Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Development: An Analysis of Form, Function, Nomenclature, and Associated Applications

Abstract

This study presents a typology of nature-based solutions (NbS), addressing the need for a standardized source of definitions and nomenclature, and to facilitate communication in this interdisciplinary field of theory and practice. Growing usage of the umbrella phrase ‘nature-based solutions’ has led to a broad inclusion of terms. With the diversity of terminology used, the full potential of NbS may be lost in the confusion of misapplied terms. Standardization and definition of commonly used nature-based nomenclature are necessary to facilitate communication in this rapidly expanding field. Through objective systemization of applications, functions, and benefits, NbS can be embraced as a standard intervention to address societal challenges and support achievement of the UN SDGs.

The principles of natural climate solutions

“…Many ecosystems stewarded through NCS have proven extremely durable. For example, Australia’s Daintree Rainforest has effectively stored carbon for 135 million years, and is currently protected as a national park 60 . Other ecosystems are less durable, either due to human or environmental threats, such as conversion for urban development or increased wildfire risk due to a warming climate 61 , 62 .…”

“…It is imperative that NCS not be used to compensate for readily abatable emissions. Non-NCS strategies that reduce emissions from fossil fuels will need to deliver the majority of the mitigation required to meet Paris Agreement goals 60 , 61 . NCS must proceed in parallel to these strategies.…”

Community-Centric Approaches to Coastal Hazard Assessment and Management in Southside Norfolk, Virginia, USA

“…These solutions, including green roofs and permeable pavements, not only reduce urban flood risks but also improve water quality and availability [21]. However, misconceptions and the lack of standardized terminologies hinder their broader acceptance [22]. In practical applications, NbS infrastructures like green roofs and porous pavements integrate with ecosystems, influencing hydrological processes [23].…”

Clustering Business Models of Heterogeneous Nature-Based Solutions Implementing Innovative Governance and Financing Concepts

“…Therefore, carbon-neutral methods to restore soil and its fertility are developed in the NBS type "New regenerated soil (S)" by using deep excavation soils as a main resource for the creation of new, high-quality soil [24,25]. In addition to restoration, shared land uses such as "Community-based farms and gardens" (NBS type UA) enable turning un-or barely-used urban land into productive community gardens [26]. This creates a positive impact on locals, contributing to improved mental and physical health through exposure to nature, healthy sources of food, community building, participation, and a sense of belonging and responsibility [27][28][29].…”