“…The offering and acquisition of commoditized activities is the first phase of the process of implementing a successful outsourcing arrangement (Fan, Xiao, Shun, & Ji, 2007). Many researchers have suggested that organizations use their service providers as sources of external knowledge that positively influences their AC, and consequently the generation of innovations (Bahli, Wettenberg, Borgman, & Heier, 2013;Gonçalves, 2016;Lacity, 2017;Liang, Wang, Xue, & Cui, 2016;Weeks & Feeny, 2008).…”