“…The integral solution of the transport equation bridges the macroscopic and microscopic equations, which covers the physics from the free transport to the diffusion limit and makes the UGKS method asymptotic preserving (AP). Based on the framework of UGKS, different numerical schemes have been constructed, including the discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS) method [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], the implicit unified gas kinetic scheme (IUGKS) method [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], the unified gas-kinetic particle (UGKP) method [ 36 , 37 ], and the unified gas-kinetic wave-particle (UGKWP) method [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. These methods share a similar framework with the UGKS method, making them asymptotic preserving as well.…”