“…Shells of revolution are commonly used as roofing units in civil engineering (as they are capable of covering large column-free areas, Bakshi and Chakravorty, 2013, 2020; Nayak and Bandyopadhyay, 2006), as rocket or spacecraft parts in aerospace engineering (Espinoza et al, 2012; Menaa and Lakis, 2015), as pressure vessels, reservoirs, and tanks in ocean engineering (Chen et al, 2015, 2018; Xie et al, 2019b, 2020a; Zhang et al, 2021), and as some small structures or structural components in mechanical engineering (Arabyan, 2020; Baghlani et al, 2021; Ni et al, 2019). According to the axial openings, shells of revolution are classified as closed (no axial opening), semi-closed (one axial opening), and open (two axial openings) shells of revolution.…”