A Valuation of the Influence of Particulate Atmospheric Aerosol in Constructions of the Cultural and Architecture Patrimony of the Urban Area of Castellon (NE, Spain)

Abstract

The constructions of Cultural and Architecture Patrimony are influenced by pollutants. Many of degenerative processes in the materials which constitute them have their origin in pollutants. That is the reason why a physical-chemical characterisation of the particulate pollutants in the air has been carried out. The deposition and, as a consequence of that, the interaction of the pollutants with the different materials of the monuments depend on the reactivity of the chemical elements that form the atmospheric particulate. Studies of both, bulk dust deposition and total suspended matter, a mineralogical and chemical characterisation of them have been made. Lastly, starting from these data, it can be established that the interactions and degenerative processes are taking place in the monuments of the studied locations. In the present work, the methodology carried out in the study of the particulate atmospheric pollutants, which are capable of accumulating on monuments and buildings with artistic and historical interest in the area of Castellon, is displayed. By means of a network of captors, important samples of sedimentary and suspension atmospheric pollutants, total suspension particles (TSP) were obtained. Firstly, by gravimetric methods, we have obtained the concentration levels of these kinds of pollutants in milligrams per day in busk dust samples and micrograms per cubic meter in TSP. Due to the fact that the corrosivity of these pollutants fundamentally depends on their compositions, the study has been completed with a mineralogical and chemical characterisation. By X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, we have analysed the particles of the two kinds of samples. The chemical analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-atomic spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (multielement analysis techniques) in TSP samples and in the soluble fraction of the depositing particulate matter. The results have shown as main compounds: clay minerals, calcite, and carbonaceous matter coming from non-perfect combustion of vehicles. The chemical analysis indicates a high Ca/S ratio and high levels of concentration in chemical elements associated to this representative industrial cluster of ceramics industry in Europe.

Degradação de gnaisse e granito em fachadas de edifícios históricos no centro do Rio de Janeiro

“…Nessas condições, elas se tornam instáveis e sofrem mudanças consequentes nas propriedades materiais e na composição mineralógica (Mo� ershead et al, 2003). Muitos edi� cios de interesse cultural estão localizados em ambientes urbanos, onde a poluição causada pelo tráfego rodoviário e pela indústria tem consequências nocivas para os materiais de construção e decoração de exteriores e interiores (Fassina, 1991;Sabbioni e Zappia, 1992;Sabbioni et al, 1996;Goudie e Viles, 1997;Van Grieken et al, 2000;Esbert et al, 2001;Moropoulou et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2002;Jordan et al, 2009). No exterior dos edi� cios, o impacto dos gases ambientais, par� culas liberadas pela combustão de combus� veis fósseis e de organismos biológicos aéreos leva à formação de crostas negras e outros efeitos esté� cos indesejáveis, podendo também comprometer a integridade dos materiais (Esbert et al, 2001;Moropoulou et al, 2001;Bonazza et al, 2005;Sanjurjo Sánchez et al, 2009;Xu et al, 2010).…”

Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)

“…Most buildings of cultural interest are located in urban environments, where pollution caused by road traffic, residential heating systems, and industry has harmful consequences for outdoor and indoor construction and decorative materials (Pérez-Rodríguez et al 1998;Van Grieken et al 2000;Esbert et al 2001;Moropoulou et al 2001;Jordan et al 2009). On the exterior of buildings, black crusts are formed and dust is deposited due to impact of gases and particles, leading to undesirable aesthetic effects and also compromising the integrity of the materials (Pérez- Rodrí-guez et al 1998;Esbert et al 2001;Moropoulou et al 2001;Bonazza et al 2005;Sanjurjo Sánchez et al 2009;Xu et al 2010).…”

“…The aggressiveness of particles depends on their composition, size, hygroscopicity, and solubility; for example, deposition of acids such as sulfuric and nitric acid can lead to local corrosion processes on certain stones, glass, paintings, and metals (Nazaroff et al 1993;Sabbioni et al 2003;Tétreault 2003). On the other hand, indoor air pollution, a result of both indoor and outdoor phenomena, can cause soiling and chemical weathering of decorative materials via adsorption of gases or particulate matter (Sánchez-Moral et al 1999;Gysels et al 2004;Worobiec et al 2006;Spolnik et al 2007;Kontozova-Deutsch 2007;Jordan et al 2009). …”

Evolución de la calidad del aire en el cluster cerámico de Castellón (y su relación con la actividad industrial). Origen y efectos de la contaminación por partículas en suspensión atmosférica

“…Los daños pueden deberse tanto a los depósitos de partículas, que provocan una sobrecarga en las estructuras y un aumento de los costes de mantenimiento como a daños de tipo químico cuando las partículas son corrosivas o transportan elementos corrosivos (Esbert et al, 2001;Jordan et al, 2009). …”

“…We also estimated the profitability of environmental investments in the ceramic industries of Alcora by comparing the actual external costs with those that would be present once all the investments included in the plan to improve the air quality of the Figura 2-3 Esquema de la distribución de partículas, modos, procesos de formación, crecimiento y eliminación (Whitby, 1978;Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006 Figura 2-4 Porcentajes en volumen estimados para los minerales comunes en la corteza terrestre, incluida la corteza continental y la oceánica (Ronov and Yaroshevsky, 1969;Klein, 1993 Figura 2-25 Mecanismos de formación de estratos atmosféricos contaminados y recirculación de contaminantes en zonas costeras (Millán M. Millán, 1993) Figura 3-13 Representación esquemática de las interacciones entre el haz de electrones y la muestra (Morgan, 1985 Figura 3-15 Recta que minimiza las distancias ortogonales de los puntos a ella (Peña, 2002) . Castellón (Esteve et al,1997a, Esteve et al,2000Gomez et al, 2004;Jordan et al, 2009;Vicente et al, 2011) y por parte del Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaume Almera del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) en colaboración con la Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Aigua, Urbanisme y Habitatge de la Generalitat Valenciana (Querol et al, 2007a;Minguillon et al, 2007;Minguillon et al, 2009;Pandolfi et al, 2008) así como colaboraciones entre el instituto de tecnología cerámica, asociación de investigación de industrias cerámicas, la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón y empresas cerámicas (Monfort et al, 2004;Monfort et al,2009). …”