“…These can be classified into longitudinal stiffness or slip slope-based approaches [6,7,17,44,91,92], friction model-based approaches [12,13,16,18,19,21,[93][94][95] and active force excitation approaches [71,96]. Despite slip slope approaches belong to the friction model-based group (i.e., linear longitudinal stiffness tyre model), a distinction has been made to treat them in greater detail.…”