A Vehicle-to-Microgrid Framework With Optimization-Incorporated Distributed EV Coordination for a Commercial Neighborhood

Abstract

An improved vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) framework is proposed for a commercial locality operating as a hybrid alternating-current (AC) / direct-current (DC) microgrid, which optimally coordinates electric-vehicle (EV) storages in a distributed manner. An aggregator model is proposed that solves the economic dispatch problem of parked EV storages in a centralized fashion and generates power references in real-time for the designed EV storage controllers. Unlike the conventional EV storage controller, the proposed optimizationincorporated distributed EV storage controller (ODC) can switch from decentralized to distributed control mode or vice versa based on situations and utilizes a sparse vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication network.The power flow between the AC and DC subgrids is managed by interlinking converters (IC). The IC control structure is augmented by combining voltage-and powerbased droop-control schemes in the power control loop. This modification enables simultaneous AC and DC bus voltage regulations. Case studies are carried out to validate the efficacy of the developed framework with a real commercial network and loads. The results exhibit robust performance of the overall system for generation-demand variability, transitions between islanded and grid-tied conditions, and user-preferred EV disconnections and time delay. Index Terms-Hybrid AC/DC microgrid, economic dispatch, interlinking inverter, electric vehicles, distributed cooperative control.

A dispatching strategy for electric vehicle aggregator combined price and incentive demand response

“…We generate 100 EVs for simulations by ( 21)- (22). It is assumed that these 100 EVs are the same model of BMW i3.…”

“…Typical dispatchers, such as the EV charging station, minimise the operating cost and improve the utilisation rate of charging facilities based on the real-time price and price incentive-based strategy in [9,20,21], respectively. From the perspective of a microgrid, a model is proposed that solves the economic dispatch problem of parked EV storages based on direct control [22]. A model is established to minimise the operating cost of the microgrid and the cost of environmental protection considering the peak-valley price [23].…”

Two-Facet Scalable Cooperative Optimization of Multi-Agent Systems in The Networked Environment

“…In [21], a distributed low-communication protocol was designed for traffic congestion control based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Rahman et al [22] developed a switchable optimization-incorporated distributed controller that utilizes a sparse communication network. More recently, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) [23] has become popular in distributed optimization problems that aim at the minimization of separable cost-related objective functions [24]- [26].…”

Reducing Grid Distortions Utilizing Energy Demand Prediction and Local Storages

“…Especially in [22] the advantage is the high power of model predictive control, which however has the restriction of high computational cost for long prediction horizons, while in [23] the modelling without forecasting errors is a significant downside. Moreover, load prediction and optimization architectures using photovoltaic generation and battery powered vehicles have been presented in [24]- [26] and [27]- [29] respectively. Additionally, combined approaches for smart homes including photovoltaic energy generation and storages as well as demand management have been proposed [30]- [32].…”