“…The pheromone occurs in four different forms and is released by males at a 4:4:1:1 [(4R,8R):(4R,8S):(4S,8R):(4S,8S)] ratio (Lu et al, 2011). Multiple studies have evaluated how T. castaneum, and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin DuVal which shares the same pheromone (Suzuki and Sugawara, 1979), respond to pheromone (Sokoloff, 1974;Ryan and O'Ceallachain, 1976;O'Ceallachain and Ryan, 1977;Levinson and Mori, 1983;Boake and Wade, 1984;Barak and Burkholder, 1985;Obeng-Ofori and Coaker, 1990;ObengOfori, 1991;Lewis and Austad, 1994;Olsson et al, 2006;Verheggen et al, 2007;Duehl et al, 2011;Campbell, 2012). Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum also respond to food odors (Willis and Roth, 1950;Phillips et al, 1993), but attraction to flour appears to be negligible (Hughes, 1982;Romero et al, 2010).…”