The educational implications of childhood cancer treatment can be significant, adverse and diverse. Treatment side effects include poor concentration and attention, fatigue, social isolation and mobility difficulties. Treatment implications often require targeted support to prevent long-term consequences, such as failing school grades or school dropout. School re-entry services are particularly important to facilitate communication between hospital, home and school to inform school staff about the child's condition, progress and educational needs. In 2015, Thompson and colleagues led an expert multidisciplinary collaboration between American oncology, psychosocial and education specialists to review the school re-entry service literature and establish the international benchmark for standards of educational care.1 These standards of educational care inform school re-entry guidelines that currently exist in American and European paediatric haematology/oncology organisations.
2-5Australian documents on childhood cancer and schooling exist, 6-10 but researchers have identified variation in key school re-entry components, 11,12 and the documents do not appear to meet the standards of educational care set out by Thompson and colleagues. Australian children diagnosed with cancer miss significant periods of school during cancer therapy, which can last for up to 2 years. 13 Their families and education and oncology organisations have been advocating for improved and consistent school re-entry services for some time. 6,11-13 Continued action and advocacy at the hospital and school level will encourage the government to recognise this issue and dedicate funds accordingly. We aim to highlight the gaps within current Australian policies and practices and provide recommendations based on international practices to develop comprehensive guidelines for children, parents, educators and paediatric oncology teams.
MethodologyTo meet our aims, we:• Reviewed the national and international academic literature;• Compared current state, federal and international educational policies and practices with the benchmark standards; and• Conducted semi-structured interviews with one current and one previous school psychologist (two; NSW), one parent of a child cancer survivor (NSW), one government (WA) and four non-government support providers (three; NSW, one; National).
The benchmarkThompson and colleagues critically reviewed 17 articles from the past 20 years that focused on children's, parents', teachers' and clinicians' perspectives of school re-entry services for school-aged children diagnosed with cancer. 1 While the literature was limited by low-quality studies, it showed consistent support for school re-entry services. Good school re-entry services can help maintain academic performance, school engagement and peer relationships, which can improve graduation outcomes and mental health.