A viscometer for dilute polymer solutions

Craig, Ashton W.; Henderson, Doug

doi:10.1002/pol.1956.120199127

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…0 1 " C with Ubbelohde-type visco~lleters as described by Craig and I-Ienderson (31). The precision of the data is illustrated by the graphs of ~, , / c vs. c for the B-series sholv~l in Fig.…”

Section: Tfiscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Studies of Alkali Lignins. I. Preparation and Properties of Fractions

Gupta¹,

Goring²

1960

Can. J. Chem.

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Alkali lignin was prepared by cooking periotlate lignin with sodium hydrositle. Fractionation by gradual decreasc of pH was not possible as most of the lignin was precipitated sharply a t pH 4.4. Fractionation could be achieved by addition of non-solvents such as acetone, dioxane, or ethanol to an alkaline aqueous solution of the lignin, but the initial fractions when separated could not be redissolved. This difficulty was overcome by using barium chloride as a precipitant when all the fractions remained soluble. X-Ray analysis revealed no dirference between the insoluble and soluble fractions.The intrinsic viscosity of the fractions ranged from 0.027 t o 0.585 g-I dl. Reduced viscosities were considerably illcreased a t lower ionic strength indicating that the rnolecule was a polyelectrolyte. The fractions possessed nearly constant ~nethosyl content (13y0), visible absorption (0.28 cm-I 1. g-I a t 5460 A), U.V. absorption (18 cm-' 1. g-I a t 2800 A), neutralization equivalent (1.3 lneq g-I), and electrophoretic mobility (-12.6X10-5 ern%-' sec-I). The partial specihc volumes of a high and a low molecular weight fraction were 0.63 and 0.68 g-1 1n1 respectively.

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Section: Tfiscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Studies of Alkali Lignins. I. Preparation and Properties of Fractions

Gupta¹,

Goring²

1960

Can. J. Chem.

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“…Reduced viscosities of ionomer solutions were measured using a modified capillary viscometer of the Ubbelohde type. This type of viscometer was designed such that the solution could be diluted successively in the viscometer, allowing for a series of measurements at different concentrations . Viscosity measurements were performed in a thermostatically controlled bath kept at 25 ± 0.05 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of viscometer was designed such that the solution could be diluted wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pi successively in the viscometer, allowing for a series of measurements at different concentrations. 24,25 Viscosity measurements were performed in a thermostatically controlled bath kept at 25 ± 0.05 ∘ C. Specially designed caps were used to prevent exposure of the sample to air and to avoid solvent evaporation. Samples for viscosity measurements were prepared at least one day in advance by placing ionomer, weighing between 80 and 150 mg, in a flask with 10 mL of the chosen solvent mixture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of added ionic liquids on the solubility and viscosity of dilute ionomer solutions in tetrahydrofuran

Taylor

Hara

2018

Polymer International

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Solubility and viscosity behaviors of three ionomers with comparable ion contents of ca 6 mol%, i.e. poly(methyl methacrylate) sodium salt, sulfonated polystyrene calcium salt and sulfonated polystyrene sodium salt, were studied in a low‐polarity solvent, i.e. tetrahydrofuran (THF), containing an ionic liquid (IL). Upon addition to THF, the IL disrupts ionic aggregates to form a homogeneous solution and increases viscosity, because the IL disrupts intramolecular ionic aggregates at dilute concentration. Among eight ILs of the imidazolium family studied, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate performs best. The effectiveness of ILs for disrupting ionic aggregates is discussed in terms of the structures of ionomers and ILs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Viscosity was measured in Ubbelohde viscometers of the type described by Craig and Heilderson (14). The dimensions were modified slightly to permit mounting in a ?…”

Section: Intrinsic Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Studies of Ligninsulphonates: Iii. Properties of Fractions Prepared by Successive Sulphonation of Periodate Lignin

Goring¹,

Rezanowich²

1958

Can. J. Chem.

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Periodate lignin was sulphonated in stages by a series of short bisulphite coolcs. At each stagc the soluble ligninsulphonate was removed and purified: and the residue was resulphonatccl. 'The 14 fractions thus obtained had constant n~ethoxyl content and ultraviolet absorption coefficients. 'There was a gradual increase in the sulphur content as the integral reaction time increased, but 26% of the ligninsulphonate possessed a sulphur content of less than 3%. There was a marlced increase in both the intrinsic viscosity and rate of solution with increase in reaction time. 'The mechanism of the sulphonation reaction is discussed i n the light of these results. INTRODUCTIOXi\iIany uses of spent sulphite liquor depend on the colloidal and polyn~eric properties of ligninsulphonate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). However, information on the size, shape, and configuration of the molecule is scarce.In an earlier paper in this series, Gardon and Mason ( 6 ) demonstrated that ligninsulphonates in spent liquor occurred in a wide range of molecular weights (from 4000 to 60,000). A similar co~lclusion was reached by NIcCarthy and co-worlters (7), who obtained fractions of ligninsulphonate having molecular weights from 400 to 130,000. In the sulphite process it is possible that the lignin becomes soluble as a uniform monodisperse material. This may be either degraded or condensed during later stages of sulphonation to give the polydispersity observed. I t is more likely, however, that lignins extracted a t various times during the reaction will differ considerably in molecular weight. The present worlt is an attempt to study the properties of soluble ligninsulphonates produced a t different stages of sulphonation.The problem was simplified by use of periodate lignin prepared by a method similar to that of Purves and co-workers (8, 9). Periodate lignin, like protolignin, is insoluble in most solvents, and undergoes many of the same reactions (10). The phenyl propane chain is probably not broke~l during periodate oxidation, although some methoxyl is lost. As a starting material for physical studies it is probably as suitable as any other isolated lignin.A kilogram of periodate lignin was prepared from white spruce. A large sample was coolted for successive short periods until most of the lignin was dissolved as sulphonate. After each stage of sulphonation the liquor and residue were separated. The residue was recoo1;ed and the soluble sulphonate was isolated from the liquor. The purified fractions were characterized by measurement of ultraviolet and visible absorption, methoxyl and sulphur content, and intrinsic viscosity.A parallel investigation based on the sulphonation of wood was published by McCarthy and co-worliers (11, 12) when this manuscript was in preparation. The results obtained are similar, although the present worlt is on an isolated lignin and is somewhat more detailed.'iManz~script received Marclz 31, 1058.

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A viscometer for dilute polymer solutions

Cited by 42 publications

References 6 publications

Physicochemical Studies of Alkali Lignins. I. Preparation and Properties of Fractions

Physicochemical Studies of Alkali Lignins. I. Preparation and Properties of Fractions

Effect of added ionic liquids on the solubility and viscosity of dilute ionomer solutions in tetrahydrofuran

Physicochemical Studies of Ligninsulphonates: Iii. Properties of Fractions Prepared by Successive Sulphonation of Periodate Lignin

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