A Visual Guide to Handling Woody Materials for Forested Land Reclamation

Pyper, M.; Vinge, T.

doi:10.7939/r3k35mm7z

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Seedlings grown with the CWD treatment had an average growth increase of 2.1 cm for WB and GB and a 4.5 cm increase for GA and SA. Speckled alder and GA benefitted more from the sheltering properties of CWD [44].…”

Section: First-year Height Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Straw's ability to increase soil moisture [60] while reducing surface evaporation [38] and moderating soil temperature [43] allowed it to create a more suitable environment for plant growth. Coarse woody debris, as mentioned in the second-year growth section, changed from largely a shelter treatment [44,45] but also a moisture-retaining microenvironment after capturing surrounding organics [56]. Straw tripled stem dm while CWD doubled stem dm after two years likely because of their moisture-retaining and sheltering qualities.…”

Section: Second-year Stem Dry Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Straw coverage can affect the processes occurring in the top layer of the soil, such as reducing surface evaporation [38], improving water infiltration [39], increasing moisture retention [40][41][42], and acting as an insulator and regulating extreme temperatures in the winter to help prevent frost heave of planted seedlings [8,43]. Coarse woody debris can create protected microsites [44], and it has been shown to decrease water loss and seedling desiccation by providing shelter from the elements [45]. There is a preponderance of using larger CWD since smaller pieces like wood mulch can draw what little available nitrogen there is from the soil via different fungi to fuel decomposition [46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological Restoration in Eastern Canada Using Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites Using a Factorial of Site-Preparation Treatments: Growth and Biomass over Two Years

Galea,

Major

2024

Forests

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Barren sites that lack soil are exposed to some of the harshest elements, which include high temperatures, solar radiation, wind, extreme temperature changes, and low soil moisture and nutrient conditions. An ecological restoration experiment was conducted using three site-preparation treatments, straw (S), Meri-Crusher (MC), and coarse woody debris (CWD), in a site-/no site-preparation 2 × 2 × 2 factorial on sites that had been barren for 25 years. In addition, four early successional deciduous species, white birch (WB, Betula papyrifera Marshall), gray birch (GB, Betula populifolia Marshall), green alder (GA, Alnus viridis Vill. subsp. crispa Ait), and speckled alder (SA, Alnus incana L. subsp. rugosa Du Roi), were examined. The two- and three-way interactions were almost all magnitude effects and not rank changes. Gray birch had the greatest overall first-year height growth, followed by GA, SA, and WB, with 12.1, 9.7, 9.6, and 5.6 cm, respectively. Straw doubled first-year growth, while CWD and MC increased first-year height growth by 43 and 31%, respectively. Straw’s ability to retain moisture in the dry summer provided the greatest benefit. In the second year, GA had the greatest height growth, followed by SA, GB, and WB, with 42.5, 30.5, 13.4, and 13.0 cm, respectively. Alders form symbiotic relationships with N-fixing bacteria and, although this was observed in some first-year roots, they did not fully express this advantage at these severely degraded sites until the second year, which allowed them to surpass birches in growth. Site-preparation treatments furthered their height growth affect, with S, and CWD doubling second-year height growth and MC, with an increase of 25%. Alders and birches had, on average, three and one stems, respectively, and the mean stem number of alders increased under S and CWD. After two years, overall stem dry mass had very large genus and species differences with GA, SA, GB, and WB, with 58.4, 30.3, 5.4, and 4.0 g, respectively. The N-fixing ability of alders under these conditions resulted in a 13-fold stem dry mass production increase compared with birches. Straw tripled, CWD doubled, and MC increased stem dry mass by 40%. For WB, site-preparation combinations had an additive effect, whereas GB, GA, and SA had several combined site-preparation treatments showing synergistic results, which were greater than the additive effects of single treatments. Under the control (no site prep.), second-year stem dry masses for WB, GB, GA, and SA were 0.7, 1.4, 17.8, and 0.5 g, respectively. Under the three combined treatments, MC × S × CWD, WB, GB, GA, and SA had 6.6, 12.3, 115.7, and 70.6 g stem dry masses, respectively. SA is ecologically a lowland species, hence the low 0.5 g under the control; however, the result under the three combined treatments demonstrates their combined effectiveness on these barren sites. Green alder seems to be the best adapted to the sites, having the greatest stem dry mass under control, although that was considerably magnified under the site-preparation treatments. This study using combinations of treatments with these early successional species introduces a novel research concept, and similar studies in the literature are currently lacking, creating an opportunity for future exploration.

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Section: First-year Height Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Second-year Stem Dry Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological Restoration in Eastern Canada Using Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites Using a Factorial of Site-Preparation Treatments: Growth and Biomass over Two Years

Galea,

Major

2024

Forests

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“…This result was somewhat unexpected; however, other combinations with CWD decreased summer-related mortality (see below). CWD can often create microsites and enhance future biodiversity on reclaimed sites [41]. The addition of CWD decreases water loss and seedling desiccation by providing shelter from the elements [42,50].…”

Section: Summer-related Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Straw coverage can affect the processes occurring in the top layer of the soil, such as reducing surface evaporation [35], improving water infiltration [36], and increasing moisture retention [37][38][39], and can act as an insulator and regulate extreme temperatures in the winter to help prevent frost heave of planted seedlings [40]. Coarse woody debris can create protected microsites and enhance biodiversity on a reclaimed site [41]. The addition of CWD has been shown to decrease water loss and seedling desiccation by providing shelter from the elements [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments

Galea,

Major

2024

Forests

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Barren, severely disturbed sites lacking soil, such as mine sites and waste deposit sites, present severe challenges to ecological service restoration because of high temperatures, solar radiation, and wind speeds; extreme temperature changes; and low soil moisture and nutrient availability. An ecological restoration experiment using three site preparation treatments was conducted. Straw (S), Meri-Crusher (MC), and coarse woody debris (CWD) were assessed in a site, no site preparation 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, including a control treatment, on sites barren for 25 years. In addition, four early-successional species: white birch (WB, Betula papyrifera Marsh), gray birch (GB, Betula populifolia Marsh), green alder (GA, Alnus viridis Vill. ssp. crispa Ait) and speckled alder (SA, Alnus incana L. ssp. rugosa Du Roi), were examined for mortality. Mortality was measured after three time periods, summer-related 2021, winter-related, and frost heave mortality (spring 2022). Summer-related mortality was predominantly influenced by S treatments (reduced mortality) and their interactions. Straw’s ability to retain moisture strongly suggests it mitigated summer-related drought mortality. S interactions were not rank changes but magnitude effects. The species × straw interaction showed that SA had the greatest magnitude difference, with 25% and 3.6% summer-related mortality for NS and S treatments, respectively. SA, a hydrophilic species, accounted for nearly half the total summer-related mortality, and there were strong species effects and species interactions. The full combination of site preparation treatments had the lowest summer-related mortality, at 1%. Winter-related mortality only affected 1.9% of the total sample size, and there were no species effects or interactions, but contrary to other results, S was the leading cause of mortality due to fungal presence found on expired seedlings. For frost heave mortality, it was clear that the S treatment was effective, with 1.2% and 20.7% overall mortality for S and NS, respectively. MC alone had the greatest negative effect, with 46.9% frost heave mortality; however, when interacting with S or CWD, the mortality decreased substantially. Frost heave had no species interactions and only a species effect, with SA having the greatest mortality. Over the first full year, MC alone and control had the greatest mortality, with 60% and 38%, respectively, after one year. Overall, one-year mortality showed S reduced mortality by 27% and CWD by 19%, while MC increased mortality by approximately 4%. When treatments were combined in any way, mortality dropped significantly, showing an additive effect, with the three-combination treatment resulting in the lowest one-year mortality, of only 3.1%. Straw provided the strongest effect, both as an effective barrier to moisture evaporation, providing up to 10% more soil moisture under dry conditions and provided an effective thermal barrier that substantially reduced the frost heave mortality. Even early-successional species such as WB, GB, GA, and SA need site preparation treatments to establish and survive the first year on long-term barren lands.

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Development of a Novel Engineered Bioprocess for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water and Tailings Fines/Bitumen/Water Separation

El-Din¹,

McPhedran

Islam³

2014

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A Visual Guide to Handling Woody Materials for Forested Land Reclamation

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Ecological Restoration in Eastern Canada Using Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites Using a Factorial of Site-Preparation Treatments: Growth and Biomass over Two Years

Ecological Restoration in Eastern Canada Using Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites Using a Factorial of Site-Preparation Treatments: Growth and Biomass over Two Years

First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments

Development of a Novel Engineered Bioprocess for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water and Tailings Fines/Bitumen/Water Separation

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