A Vulnerability Analysis of Coral Reefs in Coastal Ecotourism Areas for Conservation Management

Abstract

Coral reef ecosystems provide many ecological, economic, and social benefits. Despite their numerous functions, coral reefs are in a vulnerable state due to the effects of human activities. The condition of coral reefs has decreased in many parts of the world. Therefore, coral reef examinations need to be carried out continuously in order to formulate management strategies that can reduce their vulnerability over time. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index of coral reefs, the sensitivity of coral reefs to the causes of vulnerability, and the adaptive capacity to anticipate vulnerability. The primary data are the perceptions of respondents’ who filled out a prepared questionnaire which included eight dimensions: information on the environmental conditions, fishing ports, fishing areas, coastline settlements, tourism management, tourism attractions, socio-economic conditions and population, and aquaculture. The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results of the analysis revealed that fishing ports, fishing areas, and environmental condition are high vulnerability indexes which cause damage to coral reefs. The highest coral reef vulnerability sensitivity was found to be triggered by the distance from fishing areas and the distance from fishing vessel channels. An inverse relationship between vulnerability and adaptive capacity was shown. Hence distance from fishing areas and distance from fishing vessel channels are the attributes that have low adaptive capacity.

The Trade Specialization Index (TSI) of Indonesian Seaweeds

“…Hence, seaweed industry development is susceptible to seaweed-based products processing and export marketing based. There is an inverse relationship between vulnerability and capacity Riniwati, et al [6]. The higher the vulnerability, the lower the capacity would be.…”

The role of coastal biodiversity conservation on sustainability and environmental awareness in mangrove ecosystem of southern Malang, Indonesia

“…The strategy to sustain coastal biodiversity CON has been ongoing in CMC Tiga Warna ecotourism to create a balance between preserving natural capabilities and limited use of the natural resource. Thus, CMC Tiga Warna is claimed as the best ecotourism management according to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Riniwati et al 2019). The success of the limited use of natural resource strategy in CMC Tiga Warna ecotourism development is indicated by the CC of visit, which has not yet been exceeded.…”

“…Therefore, the Marketing and Management Organization (DMO) is believed to contribute a significant role in educating the ecotourists when interacting with local communities around the tourism destination sites (Dubin and Durham 2008) in Martínez et al (2018). Additionally, a previous study points out that coastal biodiversity conservation in CMC Tiga Warna ecotourism focused on sustaining the number of coral reefs and mangroves as its main resources to prevent damage and support sustainable ecotourism (Riniwati et al 2019). Upon responding to the actuality of CMC Tiga Warna ecotourism, the problems of this study are: (i).…”

“…Commonly, coastal tourism management practices have been devoted to economic merit rather than to ecological and social aspects generally acknowledged as mass tourism. However, there is coastal ecotourism in Malang District consistently practicing the ecotourism principles in a balanced way, sustaining several aspects including ecology, economy, and even social, acknowledged as Clungup Mangrove Conservation Tiga Warna (CMC Tiga Warna) ecotourism, acknowledged as the best ecotourism management according to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Riniwati et al 2019). Mangrove ecotourism has high economic potential for coastal communities in Java, given the limited economic resources of this region (Setyawan and Winarno 2006).…”

Family-based Development Model

“…It is assumed that there is a significantly positive relationship between family resilience and family adaptability [8]. Table 3 shows that the cross-loading values of the X1.1 indicator to X1.20 indicator are the greatest.…”