A Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Emergency in Schools of Shanghai

Abstract

Schools and students are particularly vulnerable to natural hazards, especially pluvial flooding in cities. This paper presents a scenario-based study that assesses the school vulnerability of emergency services (i.e., Emergency Medical Service and Fire & Rescue Service) to urban pluvial flooding in the city center of Shanghai, China through the combination of flood hazard analysis and GIS-based accessibility mapping. Emergency coverages and response times in various traffic conditions are quantified to generate school vulnerability under normal no-flood and 100-y pluvial flood scenarios. The findings indicate that severe pluvial flooding could lead to proportionate and linear impacts on emergency response provision to schools in the city. Only 11% of all the schools is predicted to be completely unreachable (very high vulnerability) during flood emergency but the majority of the schools would experience significant delay in the travel times of emergency responses. In this case, appropriate adaptations need to be particularly targeted for specific hot-spot areas (e.g., new urbanized zones) and crunch times (e.g., rush hours).

A systematic review of the flood vulnerability using geographic information system

“…The peak discharge was calculated using the SWAT model, and the peak discharge was included as one of the indications. The General Circulation Models (GCM) data were used to forecast future rainfall, while Landsat pictures were used to create land use and land (Singh and Pandey, 2021), (Hosseini et al, 2021) (Nazeer and Bork, 2021), (Hussain et al, 2021) (Pathak et al, 2020), (Hoque et al, 2019) (Mavhura et al, 2017), (Terti et al, 2015) (Eidsvig et al, 2014), (Zhang, 2009) Physical vulnerability Interdependency analysis, indicator methodology, decision-making trial method., Indicator based approach, morphometric parameters were derived from SRTM DEM data using (GIS), Weighted Sum Approach (WSA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and an Integrated Approach (IA), GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Approach, Geospatial Indicator-Based Approach and Participatory Analytical Hierarchy Process, Flood generating factors: slope, elevation, land use/land cover, drainage density, rainfall, and soil types were rated and collected to mark out flood vulnerability zones using (GIS), Regression and GIS conditioning factors include digital elevation model (DEM), Pearson's correlation, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity analyses (Singh and Pandey, 2021), (Hosseini et al, 2021), (Nazeer and Bork, 2021), (Hussain et al, 2021), (Vignesh et al, 2021), (Usman Kaoje et al, 2021), (Desalegn and Mulu, 2021), (Usman Kaoje et al, 2021), (Sami et al, 2020), (D'Ayala et al, 2020), (Chuang et al, 2020), (Yin et al, 2019), (Hoque et al, 2019), Sajjad, 2019), Hübl et al, 2016), (Al-Juaidi et al, 2018), (Hazarika et al, 2018), (Walliman et al, 2012) and, (Mehebub et al, 2015) Environmental…”

Evaluation of Emergency Response Capacity of Urban Pluvial Flooding Public Service Based on Scenario Simulation

“…Combined with the maximization characteristics of urban waterlogging hazards, short duration precipitations with return periods of 50 years, 100 years and 500 years are simulated by the equation of the Zhengzhou rainstorm formula, which was developed by the Central South China Municipal Engineering Design Institute and the Chicago design storms’ precipitation peak coefficient of 0.4, time interval of 1 min and total precipitation duration of one hour [ 19 , 20 ]. where is precipitation intensity, mm/min; is the duration of precipitation, min; is the return period, year.…”

A Study on the Accessibility of the Emergency Medical Services for Urban Kindergartens and Nursing Homes Based on Urban Pluvial Flooding Scenarios

“…Short-duration precipitation with return periods of 100 years, 500 years, and 1000 years was calculated. The time interval was set at 1 min, and the total precipitation duration was 60 min [19,20]. The formula is as follows:…”