A Watermarking Scheme for Color Image Using Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform and Tensor Decomposition

Abstract

To protect the copyright of the color image, a color image watermarking scheme based on quaternion discrete Fourier transform (QDFT) and tensor decomposition (TD) is presented. Specifically, the cover image is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks, and then QDFT is performed on each image block. Then, the three imaginary frequency components of QDFT are used to construct a third-order tensor. The third-order tensor is decomposed by Tucker decomposition and generates a core tensor. Finally, an improved odd–even quantization technique is employed to embed a watermark in the core tensor. Moreover, pseudo-Zernike moments and multiple output least squares support vector regression (MLS–SVR) network model are used for geometric distortion correction in the watermark extraction stage. The scheme utilizes the inherent correlations among the three RGB channels of a color image, and spreads the watermark into the three channels. The experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme has better fidelity and stronger robustness for common image-processing and geometric attacks, can effectively resist each color channel exchange attack. Compared with the existing schemes, the presented scheme achieves better performance

Research on video watermarking algorithm based on MPEG-4

“…The watermark information used in this algorithm is obtained from the middle and low frequency range of DCT coefficients after the brightness component is quantized [6] . A pair of quantized DCT coefficients are randomly selected, and the embedded watermark information is determined by comparing the difference between them.…”

SSDeN: Framework for Screen-Shooting Resilient Watermarking via Deep Networks in the Frequency Domain

“…The framework guarantees a watermarked image with maximum quality and minimum watermark extraction error rate to balance the imperceptibility and robustness of the algorithm. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) [21], structural similarity index (SSI M) [3] and normalized cross-correlation (NC) [36] are used in this work to evaluate the capability of the SSDeN algorithm. PSNR and SSI M are applied to show the algorithm's imperceptibility performance, and NC is utilized to demonstrate the robustness of watermarking.…”

Optimal Semi-Fragile Watermarking Based on Maximum Entropy Random Walk and Swin Transformer for Tamper Localization

“…They are Quaternion Fourier Transform (QFT) [27], Quaternion Discrete Cosine Transform [28], Quaternion Wavelet Transform (QWT) [29], Quaternion Curvelet transforms [30], Quaternion Hadamard Transform [31], Quaternion Singular Value Decomposition [22] and so on. Hence, to treat the color images in a holistic manner the Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform (QDFT) is introduced using quaternions algebraic form by Li L, et al [27] for copyright protection system. An additional tensor decomposition is used after a third order tensor is created from the three imaginary frequencies of QFT.…”