A wearable fluidic collection patch and ion chromatography method for sweat electrolyte monitoring during exercise

Steijlen, Annemarijn; Bastemeijer, J.; Groen, Pim; Jansen, K.M.B.; French, P.J.; Bossche, A.

doi:10.1039/d0ay02014a

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For people engaged in fitness or for professional athletes, the need for proper hydration monitoring is evident but until recently there was a lack of convenient devices to fulfill this need. Efforts have been made to develop devices around materials technologies using microcapillary sweat collection systems for volumetric estimates [ 12 , 13 ] which are still in their development stages and are prone to variance due to changing environmental use conditions. The portability potential of fluid collection-based perspiration monitoring devices as wearables, whether designed on microcapillary collectors or absorbent pads, is foiled by their inherent bulkiness and power requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An accurate wearable hydration sensor: Real-world evaluation of practical use

et al. 2022

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A wearable body hydration sensor employing photoplethysmographic and galvanic biosensors was field evaluated using 240 human participants with equal numbers of men and women volunteers. Monitoring of water mass loss due to perspiration was performed by medical balance measurements following one of two different treadmill physical exercise regimens over 90 minutes in 15-minute intervals with intervening 10-minute rest periods. Participants wore two different models of the dehydration body monitor device mated to commercially-available smartwatches (Samsung Gear S2 and Samsung Gear Fit2). Device output was recorded by Bluetooth wireless link to a standard smartphone in 20-second blocks. Comparison of the devices with the standard measurement method (change in body mass measured by medical balance) indicated very close agreement between changes in body water mass and device output (percent normalized mean root square error averaged approximately 2% for all participants). Bland-Altman analyses of method agreement indicated that <5% of participant values fell outside of the 95% confidence interval limits of agreement and all measured value differences were normally distributed around the line of equality. The results of this first-ever field trial of a practical, wearable hydration monitor suggests that this device will be a reliable tool to aid in geriatric hydration monitoring and physical training scenarios.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An accurate wearable hydration sensor: Real-world evaluation of practical use

et al. 2022

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“…This first version of the patch was presented in a previous article in more detail. 41 The patch is designed to be placed at the back of a person. This version has a collection surface of 40 cm 2 and can collect 5 samples of 130 μL.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cations were analyzed with the 883 Basic IC plus system and a Metrosep C6–150/4.0 column (Metrohm, Switzerland). A more detailed description of this method can be found in Steijlen et al 41 …”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cations were analyzed with the 883 Basic IC plus system and a Metrosep C6−150/4.0 column (Metrohm, Switzerland). A more detailed description of this method can be found in Steijlen et al41 Ventilated Capsule Measurement. The most common methods for measuring local sweat rate in a lab setting are the ventilated capsule (VC) technique and the absorbent patch technique.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost Wearable Fluidic Sweat Collection Patch for Continuous Analyte Monitoring and Offline Analysis

et al. 2022

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Sweat sensors allow for new unobtrusive ways to continuously monitor an athlete’s performance and health status. Significant advances have been made in the optimization of sensitivity, selectivity, and durability of electrochemical sweat sensors. However, comparing the in situ performance of these sensors in detail remains challenging because standardized sweat measurement methods to validate sweat sensors in a physiological setting do not yet exist. Current collection methods, such as the absorbent patch technique, are prone to contamination and are labor-intensive, which limits the number of samples that can be collected over time for offline reference measurements. We present an easy-to-fabricate sweat collection system that allows for continuous electrochemical monitoring, as well as chronological sampling of sweat for offline analysis. The patch consists of an analysis chamber hosting a conductivity sensor and a sequence of 5 to 10 reservoirs that contain level indicators that monitor the filling speed. After testing the performance of the patch in the laboratory, elaborate physiological validation experiments (3 patch locations, 6 participants) were executed. The continuous sweat conductivity measurements were compared with laboratory [Na + ] and [Cl – ] measurements of the samples, and a strong linear relationship ( R 2 = 0.97) was found. Furthermore, sweat rate derived from ventilated capsule measurement at the three locations was compared with patch filling speed and continuous conductivity readings. As expected from the literature, sweat conductivity was linearly related to sweat rate as well. In short, a successfully validated sweat collection patch is presented that enables sensor developers to systematically validate novel sweat sensors in a physiological setting.

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“…Intense physical activity, exposure to heat stress, and localized chemical inducement are the core methods for generating sufficient microliter volumes of sweat for biochemical analysis with suitability defined by target application. ,− Whereas exercise-based stimulation serves as the primary means for athletic performance monitoring (Figure A), clinical diagnostics support on-demand analysis through the transcutaneous delivery of a cholinergic agonist via iontophoretic stimulation (Figure B) to activate localized sweat glands. For a given sensing application, a key consideration in tandem with the mode of deployment (ambulatory vs stationary individual) is the dependence of both the rate of sweat production and the biochemical composition ,, on the stimulation method. Additionally, these methods are not amenable to applications that require frequent, repeated stimulation events (as comparable to blood glucose measurements).…”

Section: Sweat Analysis: Sampling Methods and Analytical Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

et al. 2021

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Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.

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A wearable fluidic collection patch and ion chromatography method for sweat electrolyte monitoring during exercise

Abstract: A new method to continuously collect and reliably measure sweat analyte concentrations during exercise is presented in this paper. The method can be used to validate newly developed sweat sensors...

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

An accurate wearable hydration sensor: Real-world evaluation of practical use

An accurate wearable hydration sensor: Real-world evaluation of practical use

Low-Cost Wearable Fluidic Sweat Collection Patch for Continuous Analyte Monitoring and Offline Analysis

State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

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