“…Furthermore, given the intricacy involved in students' e-learning activities, factors such as students' learning styles, nature of the studied subject, motivation (Durresi and de Marco, 2006;Pudichery, 2003;Matsuo et al 2008), fluid intelligence (Barton, 1999), working memory (van Merrienboer and Ayres, 2005;Medina, 2008), spatial ability (Hannafin, et al 2008;Duesbury and O'Neil, 1996), and instructors' teaching philosophy may all potentially account for the variance of learner's satisfaction of using e-learning tools. Instead of measuring learning outcome as perceived grade increment after using an e-learning tool, future studies should also consider actual learning performance as more objective measure (Alavi, Yoo, & Vogel, 1997;Leidner & Fuller, 1997;Piccoli et al, 2001;Vogel, Davison, & Shroff, 2001).…”