A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions

Pheloung, P. C.; Williams, Peter; Halloy, Stephan

doi:10.1006/jema.1999.0297

Cited by 694 publications

(709 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The invasiveness of species was quantitatively scored by using a four-level scale as 0 (native species), 1 (low invasiveness), 2 (moderate-high), and 3 (very high). These scores were based on Australia/New Zealand weed risk assessment (WRA) system scores (Pheloung et al, 1999) modified to Hawaii and other Pacific Islands (Daehler et al, 2004) that are reported in Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) project online database maintained by U.S. Forest Service's Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (http://www.hear.org/pier/), and on recent updates on species invasive potential in Oahu (Daehler and Baker, 2006). For species not quantitatively scored in these assessments, species invasiveness was based on authors' observations on species abundance, presence of seedlings, and capacity of vegetative reproduction throughout the leeward ecosystems in Oahu.…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Allocation to Low Cost Chemical Defenses in Invasive Species of Hawaii

et al. 2010

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The capacity to produce carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSC), such as phenolics (including tannins) and terpenes as defensive compounds against herbivores or against neighboring competing plants can be involved in the competition between alien and native plant species. Since the Hawaiian Islands are especially vulnerable to invasions by alien species, we compared total phenolic (TP), total tannin (Tta), and total terpene (TT) leaf contents of alien and native plants on Oahu Island (Hawaii). We analyzed 35 native and 38 alien woody plant species randomly chosen among representative current Hawaiian flora. None of these CBSC exhibited phylogenetic fingerprinting. Alien species had similar leaf TP and leaf Tta contents, and 135% higher leaf TT contents compared with native species. Alien plants had 80% higher leaf TT:N leaf content ratio than native plants. The results suggest that apart from greater growth rate and greater nutrient use, alien success in Oahu also may be linked to greater contents of low cost chemical defenses, such as terpenes, as expected in faster-growing species in resource rich regions. The higher TT contents in aliens may counterbalance their lower investment in leaf structural defenses and their higher leaf nutritional quality. The higher TT provides higher effectiveness in deterring the generalist herbivores of the introduced range, where specialist herbivores are absent. In addition, higher TT contents may favor aliens conferring higher protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. The higher terpene accumulation was independent of the alien species origin, which indicates that being alien either selects for higher terpene contents post-invasion, or that species with high terpene contents are pre-adapted to invasiveness. Although less likely, an originally lower terpene accumulation in Hawaiian than in continental plants that avoids the increased attraction of specialist enemies associated to terpenes may not be discarded.

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Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Allocation to Low Cost Chemical Defenses in Invasive Species of Hawaii

et al. 2010

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“…In invasive species risk assessment systems, the risk of exposure is defined as the risk that a species Living Reviews in Landscape Research http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2008-2 is introduced, establishes in a new range and spreads into natural areas. For this component, risk assessment systems build on biological research on the invasiveness of alien species (Daehler et al, 2004;Pheloung et al, 1999;Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). In contrast, the formal characterisation of ecological effects has so far proven to be difficult, and explicit assessments of ecological effects are done only rarely or only in a qualitative manner through expert judgments (Andow and Hilbeck, 2004;Lodge et al, 2006;Mack and Barrett, 2002;Simberloff, 2005).…”

Section: Ecological Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions

Kueffer¹,

Hadorn²

2008

Living Rev. Landscape Res.

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It is increasingly expected from environmental research such as landscape research that science directly contributes to the solving of pressing societal problems. However, despite increased efforts to direct research towards societal problems, it is not obvious if science has become more effective in supporting environmental problem-solving. We present in this article a framework that facilitates the analysis and design of problem-orientation in research fields. We then apply the proposed framework to a concrete example of a problem-oriented landscape research field -namely research on biotic invasions. Invasion research addresses the problem that some organisms, that have been introduced by humans to a new geographic area where they were previously not present, spread in the landscape and pose negative impacts.We argue that problem-oriented research is more than applied research. Besides research on specific questions it also encompasses boundary management, i.e., deliberations among experts and stakeholders on the framing of adequate research questions about processes, values and practices for effective problem-solving. We postulate that such research may assist problem-solving in three ways, by analysing causal relationships (systems knowledge), clarifying conflicts of interests and values (target knowledge), or contributing to the development of appropriate means for action (transformation knowledge).We show that over the past decades a broad range of different research approaches has emerged in the young field of invasion research in order to produce systems, target and transformation knowledge for invasive species management. Early research in the field was dominated by the development of systems knowledge, but increasingly the three knowledge forms are Boundary management in invasion research is mainly restricted to informal networks (communities of practice), while formal processes such as transdisciplinary research are scarce. We suggest that the paucity of structured and explicit boundary management processes will limit the future development of a more effective science for invasive species management. In particular, we envisage three obstacles that can only be removed through explicit boundary management. First, the existing theoretical frameworks are currently only partly able to integrate natural and social sciences research on the processes underlying invasions. Second, a clarification of the normative thinking about alien plant invasions is needed. Third, research on transformation knowledge has so far not fundamentally challenged the existing conceptual framing and institutional setup of invasive species management.

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“…To assess the invasiveness risk of plants, three broad approaches have been used: quantitative statistical models [16,17], semi-quantitative scoring systems [18,19], and experimental approaches for field assessment [12,20]. Ecological risk assessments through in situ field experimental research studies are considered effective at assessing the invasiveness risk of biofuel crops in the field [12,13,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some other Asian and sub-Saharan African countries, with the exception of South Africa where it has been banned [34,36], still consider planting J. curcas [40][41][42][43]. Findings of high risk in other locations reflect a high probability that J. curcas could become naturalized in those areas, based on a widely recognized weed risk assessment (WRA) system [18,19,44]. Some of the regions mentioned above are characterized by a tropical wet climate [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high importance of WRA conclusions [18,19,44] in predicting the spreading risks of alien crops, WRAs need to be combined with ecological field experiments to reach reliable decisions, particularly in the context of bioenergy decisions [13,51,52], which this study aims to provide empirical evidence to substantiate the widely recognized weed risk assessment models using field experiments. Quality ecological data from in situ ecological experiments and field surveys such as current population size, seed production rate, seed size, dispersal ability, dispersal vectors, and after dispersal fate of the seeds would be important data in establishing the future invasion risk of potential alien tropical biofuel crops [13,20,53].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insufficient Evidence of Jatropha curcas L. Invasiveness: Experimental Observations in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Negussie

Nacro²,

Achten

et al. 2014

Bioenerg. Res.

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Biofuel plants such as Jatropha curcas L. have potential to support the livelihoods of rural communities and contribute to sustainable rural development in Africa, if risks and uncertainties are minimized. Yet, recent papers have warned of the risk of biological invasions in such tropical regions as a consequence of the introduction of exotic biofuel crops. We investigated the seed dispersal risk and invasiveness potential of both J. curcas monoculture plantations and live fences into adjacent cultivated and uncultivated land use systems in Sissili province, Burkina Faso. Invasiveness potential was assessed through (i) detecting evidence of natural regeneration in perimeters around J. curcas plantations and live fences, (ii) assessing seed dispersal mechanisms, and (iii) assessing seedling establishment potential through in situ direct seed sowing. Spontaneous regeneration around the plantation perimeters of the three sites was very low. Individual seedling density around J. curcas live fences was less than 0.01 m −2 in all sites. Seventy percent of the seedlings were found close to the live fence and most of them derived from the same year (96 %), which indicates low seed-bank longevity and seedling survival. J. curcas can be dispersed by small mammals and arthropods, particularly rodents and ants. In some sites, such as in Onliassan, high secondary seed dispersal by animals (up to 98 %) was recorded. There were highly significant differences in germination rates between seeds at the soil surface (11 %) and those buried artificially at 1-2-cm depth (64 %). In conclusion, we failed to find convincing evidence of the spreading of J. curcas or any significant impact on the surrounding environment.

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A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions

Cited by 694 publications

References 18 publications

Higher Allocation to Low Cost Chemical Defenses in Invasive Species of Hawaii

Higher Allocation to Low Cost Chemical Defenses in Invasive Species of Hawaii

How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions

Insufficient Evidence of Jatropha curcas L. Invasiveness: Experimental Observations in Burkina Faso, West Africa

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