The chapter presents the advances in the chemistry of oxoacids of selenium and tellurium and their derivatives, which have emerged in recent years (mostly after 1998) based on the division of the discussed compounds into particular subclasses arising from the oxidation state of a central chalcogen atom. It begins with a brief discussion on the nature of bonding between the chalcogen and oxygen atoms. Next this chapter presents for the first time all the available data on basic synthetic protocols leading to alkane (arene) oxoacids of selenium and tellurium, and the acid halides, esters and amides derived from them. A brief discussion on their structure and reactivity is also included. The derivatives are presented in the following order: (a) divalent, dicoordinated selenenic and tellurenic acids, RChOH (ChSe or Te), and their derivatives; (b) tetravalent, tricoordinated seleninic and tellurinic acids, RCh(O)OH, and their derivatives RCh(O)L (ChSe or Te; LX, OR, NR
1
R
2
); (c) hexavalent, tetraacoordinated selenonic and telluronic acids, RCh(O)
2
OH, and their derivatives RCh(O)
2
L (ChSe or Te; LX, OR, NR
1
R
2
).