Occupational injuries and illnesses reported in the health service industry are higher than in many other hazardous industries (NIOSH, 1977). In 1984 the incidence rate for occupational injuries for all health care workers was 6.0 per 100 full time workers compared to 14.7 in heavy construction and 9.5 in mining. However, among nursing and personal care workers, the rate was 10.9, approaching and, in some cases, exceeding that of industries designated as "highly dangerous" (NIOSH, 1977; U.S. Department of Labor, 1986). Institutional occupational programs and standards for health care workers need to be standardized and improved (Rogers, 1991b). Comprehensive occupational (or employee) health programs in health care facilities have been in existence for 15 years or so, and progress has been made to identify and mitigate risks faced by workers in such settings (Emmett,