A Wizard of Oz Field Study to Understand Non-Driving-Related Activities, Trust, and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles

Detjen, Henrik; Pfleging, Bastian; Schneegaß, Stefan

doi:10.1145/3409120.3410662

Cited by 52 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Perceived safety is related to trust and has been identified as a basic human need and key predictor of automated vehicle acceptance [37,38]. Similar to trust, perceived safety has received numerous definitions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived safety and trust in SAE Level 2 partially automated cars: Results from an online questionnaire

Nordhoff

Stapel

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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The present online study surveyed drivers of SAE Level 2 partially automated cars on automation use and attitudes towards automation. Respondents reported high levels of trust in their partially automated cars to maintain speed and distance to the car ahead (M = 4.41), and to feel safe most of the time (M = 4.22) on a scale from 1 to 5. Respondents indicated to always know when the car is in partially automated driving mode (M = 4.42), and to monitor the performance of their car most of the time (M = 4.34). A low rating was obtained for engaging in other activities while driving the partially automated car (M = 2.27). Partial automation did, however, increase reported engagement in secondary tasks that are already performed during manual driving (i.e., the proportion of respondents reporting to observe the landscape, use the phone for texting, navigation, music selection and calls, and eat during partially automated driving was higher in comparison to manual driving). Unsafe behaviour was rare with 1% of respondents indicating to rarely monitor the road, and another 1% to sleep during partially automated driving. Structural equation modeling revealed a strong, positive relationship between perceived safety and trust (β = 0.69, p = 0.001). Performance expectancy had the strongest effects on automation use, followed by driver engagement, trust, and non-driving related task engagement. Perceived safety interacted with automation use through trust. We recommend future research to evaluate the development of perceived safety and trust in time, and revisit the influence of driver engagement and non-driving related task engagement, which emerged as new constructs related to trust in partial automation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived safety and trust in SAE Level 2 partially automated cars: Results from an online questionnaire

Nordhoff

Stapel

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…For the goal of this study the Wizard of Oz method was chosen as a low cost and effective option for simulating an automated system. Other researches based on this methodology include using vehicle simulators to examine user needs and behaviour in AVs, as well as ways in which AVs should interact with humans (Detjen, Pfleging, Schneegass, 2020;Ka-Jun Mok, et al, 2015). In this case, a real vehicle was used with a hidden driver in order to simulate a fully autonomous drive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of an Inclusive Autonomous Vehicle User Interface Developed for Persons with Visual Acuity Loss

et al. 2022

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This research focuses on evaluating a user interface (UI) for an autonomous vehicle (AV) with the goal to determine the most suitable layout for persons with visual acuity loss. The testing procedure includes a Wizard of Oz AV for simulating an automated ride. Several participants are included in the study and the visual impairments are simulated by specially designed glasses. The conclusions help to determine the optimal graphic design of the UI that can be independently used by persons with blurred vision. The results can be applied to improve the inclusiveness and ergonomics of vehicle UIs.

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“…To answer how multimodal AR User Onboarding impacts the users' experience with the automated parking assistant, we aimed at extending the insights on trust and task performance by previous simulator-based research through an experiment with high ecological validity (cf. [33]) and aimed at testing the User Onboarding process in the real world. We, therefore, conducted a real-world study in a Tesla S 60 with its "autopark"-assistant and created a smartphone application according to Tesla design guidelines that presented the autopark process in a multimodal AR environment.…”

Section: Real-world Driving Study To Compare User Onboarding Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting User Onboarding in Automated Vehicles through Multimodal Augmented Reality Tutorials

Detjen

Degenhart

Schneegaß

et al. 2021

MTI

Self Cite

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Misconceptions of vehicle automation functionalities lead to either non-use or dangerous misuse of assistant systems, harming the users’ experience by reducing potential comfort or compromise safety. Thus, users must understand how and when to use an assistant system. In a preliminary online survey, we examined the use, trust, and the perceived understanding of modern vehicle assistant systems. Despite remaining incomprehensibility (36–64%), experienced misunderstandings (up to 9%), and the need for training (around 30%), users reported high trust in the systems. In the following study with first-time users, we examine the effect of different User Onboarding approaches for an automated parking assistant system in a Tesla and compare the traditional text-based manual with a multimodal augmented reality (AR) smartphone application in means of user acceptance, UX, trust, understanding, and task performance. While the User Onboarding experience for both approaches shows high pragmatic quality, the hedonic quality was perceived significantly higher in AR. For the automated parking process, reported hedonic and pragmatic user experience, trust, automation understanding, and acceptance do not differ, yet the observed task performance was higher in the AR condition. Overall, AR might help motivate proper User Onboarding and better communicate how to operate the system for inexperienced users.

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A Wizard of Oz Field Study to Understand Non-Driving-Related Activities, Trust, and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles

Cited by 52 publications

References 43 publications

Perceived safety and trust in SAE Level 2 partially automated cars: Results from an online questionnaire

Perceived safety and trust in SAE Level 2 partially automated cars: Results from an online questionnaire

Design and Evaluation of an Inclusive Autonomous Vehicle User Interface Developed for Persons with Visual Acuity Loss

Supporting User Onboarding in Automated Vehicles through Multimodal Augmented Reality Tutorials

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