A xeno-free culture system for hmvec from various sources –toward clinical applications

Controlled Release of Cryoprotectants by Near-Infrared Irradiation for Improved Cell Cryopreservation

“…The primary function of endothelium is to provide a barrier along the wall of the vessel that comprises a single layer of ECs. It has a vital part in blood vascular tone regulation, hormone transport, local blood signal detection, thermogenesis, and thermoresistance. − It also plays a crucial role in tissue engineering, human cell transplantation to repair damaged tissues, development of artificial vascular bypass, and support hemoperfusion in diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, and immune diseases. ,− However, the recent advancements for getting rid of unintended internal damage due to side effects of a disease and for better tissue or organ functionality increases the demand for live cells . Also, the cell culture for the continuous expansion of cells at 37 °C is time-consuming and expensive; thus, these difficulties are avoided by the successful cryopreservation technology to preserve live cells for future use. − …”

“…Biological samples usually require cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to survive the impact of cryopreservation. A CPA is a chemical solution with high viscosity and high density, which maintains the high viability of cryopreserved biological samples . Two techniques have been commonly used during the preservation of cells: (1) slow freezing and (2) vitrification to minimize intracellular and extracellular ice formation. , Recently, slow freezing has been the most widely used method for cryopreservation.…”

Microencapsulation Facilitates Low-Cryoprotectant Vitrification of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…As a single layer lines the interior surface of a blood vessel, endothelial cells (ECs) provide a selective permeability barrier between the vessel wall and blood and play a vital role in the detection of local blood signals, regulation of blood vessel tone, thrombogenicity, thromboresistance, and hormone transport. − Additionally, ECs are highly valuable in tissue engineering and cellular therapy as they can potentially be used to establish functional vasculature, support blood perfusion, and promote wound healing in different conditions including cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. − However, whether in tissue engineering or cell therapy applications, a large amount of cells is needed, thus cryopreserved cells were required to maintain a good survival after rewarming. Currently, the most widely employed cryopreservation method is slow freezing, which will induce cell dehydration and lead to cellular osmotic injury. − The slow cooling rate will dehydrate cells and therefore lead to less intracellular ice crystal formation. − Vitrification as a promising cryopreservation method has been widely studied because it employs an ultrahigh cooling rate (∼10 6 °C/min) to avoid cell dehydration and achieves a transition from liquid to glass, preventing ice crystal damage to cells. − However, traditional vitrification requires a high concentration of cryoprotectants (CPAs), causing toxic damage to cells …”