A Zero-Padding Frequency Domain Convolutional Neural Network for SSVEP Classification

Abstract

The brain-computer interface (BCI) of steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is one of the fundamental ways of human-computer communication. The main challenge is that there may be a nonlinear relationship between different SSVEP in other states. For improving the performance of SSVEP BCI, a novel CNN algorithm model is proposed in this study. Based on the discrete Fourier transform to calculate the signal's power spectral density (PSD), we perform zero-padding in the signal's time domain to improve its performance on the PSD and make it more refined. In this way, the frequency point interval in the PSD of the SSVEP is consistent with the minimum gap between the stimulation frequency. Combining the nonlinear transformation capabilities of CNN in deep learning, a zero-padding frequency domain convolutional neural network (ZPFDCNN) model is proposed. Extensive experiments based on the SSVEP dataset validate the effectiveness of our method. The study verifies that the proposed ZPFDCNN method can improve the effectiveness of the SSVEP-based high-speed BCI ITR. It has massive potential in the application of BCI.

Auditory High Entropy Response (A-HER): A Novel Paradigm for Studying Brain Processing of Uncertain Information

“…Given the limited number of electrodes, zero-padding was applied to enhance frequency resolution Kim and Im (2018 ). This operation not only increased the number of data points but also facilitated spatial interpolation Gao et al (2022 ), enabling a more detailed examination of spatial relationships between electrodes.…”