deficiency. The exclusive research and industrial focus on the development of new energy sources cannot meet the current energy demands. The main reason is lack of efficient storage of the collected energy. Because the consumption rate of generated energy usually cannot be synchronized with the rate of generation. Fortunately, this problem has received attention from researchers and engineers around the world. Electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) [1,2] are competitive candidates for energy storage. Lithiumion batteries (LIBs), [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] electron double layer capacitors (EDLCs) as well as pseudocapacitors (PCs), [12][13][14][15][16][17] lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, [18][19][20][21][22] lithium-air (Li-air) or lithium-oxygen (Li-O 2 ) batteries, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] sodium-ion batteries, [30][31][32][33] magnesium-ion batteries, [34] lithium solid state batteries, [35] among others are currently popular EESDs. Among those devices, lithium-ion batteries are of great interest. Since being initially commercialized by Sony, Inc. in 1990, [36] for more than a quarter of a century, the lithium-ion battery has become a popular, portable, and rechargeable second battery used in various applications such as personal electronic devices, [37] electric vehicles, [38] hybrid electric vehicles, [39] and smart grids. [40] To date, it is still needed to further improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The fabrication of novel and reliable electrode materials is critical for further development of better lithium-ion batteries.A lithium-ion battery cell usually includes components of a solid-state positive electrode (cathode), a solid-state negative electrode (anode), some lithium-ion included liquidstate electrolyte (can be either non-aqueous or aqueous [41] ), a polymeric separator, and a pair of the current collectors with encapsulated cases. [3] If an external voltage applied to both electrodes, lithium ions are deintercalated from cathode to anode through the electrolyte, so called the charging process; when there is an external loading applied to both electrodes, lithium ions are intercalated into unlithiated cathode from lithiated anode through the electrolyte again, i.e., the discharging process. [3,39,42] The discharging procedure of a LIB cell is shown in Figure 1. [39] The role of the porous separator is to prevent the short circuit inside a cell. As the most significant components of one lithium-ion battery cell, the properties of both cathode and anode materials determine the electrochemical energy storage ability of the cell. Therefore, the selection of Vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) has played important roles in lithium-ion batteries due to its unique crystalline structure. To assist researchers understanding the roles this material plays, a comprehensive and critical review is conducted based on about 250 publications. Here, we report basics and applications of micro-and nano-materials of V 2 O 5 and V 2 O 5 -based composites. The comparative and stati...