Aberrant brain–heart coupling is associated with the severity of post cardiac arrest brain injury

Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate autonomic nervous system activity measured by brain–heart interactions in comatose patients after cardiac arrest in relation to the severity and prognosis of hypoxic–ischemic brain injury.MethodsStrength and complexity of bidirectional interactions between EEG frequency bands (delta, theta, and alpha) and ECG heart rate variability frequency bands (low frequency, LF and high frequency, HF) were computed using a synthetic data generation model. Primary outcome was the severity of brain injury, assessed by (i) standardized qualitative EEG classification, (ii) somatosensory evoked potentials (N20), and (iii) neuron‐specific enolase levels. Secondary outcome was the 3‐month neurological status, assessed by the Cerebral Performance Category score [good (1–2) vs. poor outcome (3–4–5)].ResultsBetween January 2007 and July 2021, 181 patients were admitted to ICU for a resuscitated cardiac arrest. Poor neurological outcome was observed in 134 patients (74%). Qualitative EEG patterns suggesting high severity were associated with decreased LF/HF. Severity of EEG changes were proportional to higher absolute values of brain‐to‐heart coupling strength (p < 0.02 for all brain‐to‐heart frequencies) and lower values of alpha‐to‐HF complexity (p = 0.049). Brain‐to‐heart coupling strength was significantly higher in patients with bilateral absent N20 and correlated with neuron‐specific enolase levels at Day 3. This aberrant brain‐to‐heart coupling (increased strength and decreased complexity) was also associated with 3‐month poor neurological outcome.InterpretationOur results suggest that autonomic dysfunctions may well represent hypoxic–ischemic brain injury post cardiac arrest pathophysiology. These results open avenues for integrative monitoring of autonomic functioning in critical care patients.

A framework for quantifying the coupling between brain connectivity and heartbeat dynamics: Insights into the disrupted network physiology in Parkinson's disease

“…These markers represent the integrity and dynamics of the brain–heart communication, offering insights into the state of interoceptive pathways (Candia‐Rivera, 2022 ). This approach has proven valuable in diagnosing and predicting outcomes for brain‐injured patients (Candia‐Rivera & Machado, 2023 ; Hermann et al, 2024 ), demonstrating the potential of measuring brain–heart interactions to assess physiological states.…”