ABL and BAM Friction Analysis Comparison

Warner, Kirstin F.; Sandstrom, Mary M.; Brown, Geoffrey W.; Remmers, Daniel L.; Phillips, Jason J.; Shelley, T.; Reyes, Jose A.; Hsu, Peter; Reynolds, John G.

doi:10.1002/prep.201400196

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Sample initiation is determined by producing a spark, fire, smoke, or flash. The ranges of 6‐54 N, 60‐144 N, and 160‐360 N are considered high, moderate, and low sensitivity, respectively for the BAM friction sensitivity test [20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sample initiation is determined by producing a spark, fire, smoke, or flash. The ranges of 6-54 N, 60-144 N, and 160-360 N are considered high, moderate, and low sensitivity, respectively for the BAM friction sensitivity test [20]. As can be seen in Table 2, different fuel, oxidant, and binder ratios are provided based on weight percentage and mole ratios.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Zhiani

2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Each pyrotechnic composition has specific sensitivity such as electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity and friction sensitivity (FS), and it also has specific ignition performance, including luminous intensity (LI) and burning rate (BR). These parameters depend on the concentration of pyrotechnic composition ingredients. In this study, Mg/Ba(NO3)2/novolac resin compositions were prepared using different weight ratios (wt.%) of Mg, Ba(NO3)2, and novolac resin. Then, they were investigated by their FS, LI, and BR. The results showed that by increasing Ba(NO3)2 concentration from 33.76 to 84.54 wt.% Ba(NO3)2, the FS increases from 343 N to 65.5 N. However, the LI and BR of this composition increased by increasing Ba(NO3)2 concentration until a 3/1 stoichiometric ratio of Mg/Ba(NO3)2 (from 13086 to 20588 cd (candela) and 11.25 to 13.71 cm/s, respectively for 33.76 to 64.92 wt.% Ba(NO3)2) and decreased afterward (from 20488 to 53.24 cd and 13.71 to 6.45 cm/s, respectively). For Mg/Ba(NO3)2/novolac resin containing 3 to 12 wt.% novolac resin FS increased from 56 to above 360 N. LI and BR decreased from 20057 to 1203 cd and 17.3 to 1.2 cm/s, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of Mg/Ba(NO3)2 has the highest enthalpy of reaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that it has the highest LI and BR.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Zhiani

2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…As per NATO-STANAG 4487 28 , the friction sensitivity was assessed by using '1-IN-6' method, and additionally, using Bruceton 'up and down' procedure. The '1-IN-6' test result was reported as the limiting frictional load at which at least one "explosion" occurs in six trials, when at the next lower loading no-explosion occurs in six trials [29][30][31] .…”

Section: Experimental 21 Friction Sensitivity Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Friction Sensitivity of Passive and Active Binder based Composite Solid Propellants and Correlation with Burning Rate

Hoque¹,

Pant²,

Das³

2020

Def. Sc. Jl.

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Friction sensitivity of composite propellants and their ingredients is of significant interest to mitigate the risk associated with the accidental initiation while processing, handling, and transportation. In this work, attempts were made to examine the friction sensitivity of passive binder: Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene/Aluminium/Ammonium Perchlorate and active binder: (Polymer + Nitrate Esters)/Ammonium Perchlorate/Aluminium/Nitramine based composite propellants by using BAM Friction Apparatus. As per the recommendation of NATO standard STANAG–4487, the friction sensitivity was assessed by two methods: Limiting Frictional load and Frictional load for 50% probability of initiation (F50). The test results showed that the active binder based formulations were more vulnerable to frictional load as compared to the formulations with passive binders. Examination of a comprehensive set of propellant compositions revealed that the particle size distribution of Ammonium Perchlorate and burn rate catalysts were the most influential factors in dictating the friction sensitivity for HTPB/Al/AP composite propellants. For active binder/AP/Al/Nitramine composite propellants, the formulation with RDX was found more friction sensitive with a sensitivity value of 44 N as compared to its HMX analog (61 N). The correlation studies of friction sensitivity, burning rate, and thermal decomposition characteristics of HTPB/Al/AP composite propellants is described.

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Small‐Scale Thermal Studies of Volatile Homemade Explosives

Sandstrom

Brown

Warner

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Several homemade or improvised explosive mixtures that either contained volatile components or produced volatile products were examined using standard small‐scale safety and thermal (SSST) testing that employed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques (constant heating rate and standard sample holders). KClO3 and KClO4 mixtures with dodecane exhibited different enthalpy behavior when using a vented sample holder in contrast to a sealed sample holder. The standard configuration produced profiles that exhibited only endothermic transitions. The sealed system produced profiles that exhibited additional exothermic transitions absent in the standard configuration produced profiles. When H2O2/fuel mixtures were examined, the volatilization of the peroxide (endothermic) dominated the profiles. When a sealed sample holder was used, the energetic releases of the mixture could be clearly observed. For AN and AN mixtures, the high temperature decomposition appears as an intense endothermic event. Using a nominally sealed sample holder also did not adequately contain the system. Only when a high‐pressure rated sample holder was used the high temperature decomposition of the AN could be detected as an exothermic release. The testing was conducted during a proficiency (or round‐robin type) test that included three U.S. Department of Energy and two U.S. Department of Defense laboratories. In the course of this proficiency test, certain HMEs exhibited thermal behavior that was not adequately accounted for by standard techniques. Further examination of this atypical behavior highlighted issues that may have not been recognized previously because some of these materials are not routinely tested. More importantly, if not recognized, the SSST testing results could lead to inaccurate safety assessments. This study provides examples, where standard techniques can be applied, and results can be obtained, but these results may be misleading in establishing thermal properties.

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ABL and BAM Friction Analysis Comparison

Abstract: This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Study on Friction Sensitivity of Passive and Active Binder based Composite Solid Propellants and Correlation with Burning Rate

Small‐Scale Thermal Studies of Volatile Homemade Explosives

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ABL and BAM Friction Analysis Comparison

Abstract: This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO3)2/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO3)2/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Study on Friction Sensitivity of Passive and Active Binder based Composite Solid Propellants and Correlation with Burning Rate

Small‐Scale Thermal Studies of Volatile Homemade Explosives

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions

Effect of Ingredients Ratio on the Friction Sensitivity and Burning Performances of Mg/Ba(NO₃)₂/Novolac Resin Pyrotechnic Compositions