Abnormal Airway Mucus Secretion Induced by Virus Infection

Li, Yao; Tang, Xiao Xiao

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701443

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…For human saliva, these concentrations range from 0.26 to 5 g/L for sodium ( 48 ), 0.1 to 0.7 g/L for potassium ( 48 ), and 0.5 to 2 g/L for bicarbonate ( 49 ), putting the concentrations in MEM within the expected ranges for saliva. It should be noted though that the composition of saliva can vary significantly from individual to individual, with sampling conditions, and over the course of a respiratory infection ( 50 – 54 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment

Oswin

Haddrell

Otero-Fernandez

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

125

142

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Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies for preventing transmission. We present measurements of the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol droplets (∼5 to 10 µm equilibrated radius) over timescales spanning 5 s to 20 min using an instrument to probe survival in a small population of droplets (typically 5 to 10) containing ∼1 virus/droplet. Measurements of airborne infectivity change are coupled with a detailed physicochemical analysis of the airborne droplets containing the virus. A decrease in infectivity to ∼10% of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 over 20 min, with a large proportion of the loss occurring within the first 5 min after aerosolization. The initial rate of infectivity loss was found to correlate with physical transformation of the equilibrating droplet; salts within the droplets crystallize at relative humidities (RHs) below 50%, leading to a near-instant loss of infectivity in 50 to 60% of the virus. However, at 90% RH, the droplet remains homogenous and aqueous, and the viral stability is sustained for the first 2 min, beyond which it decays to only 10% remaining infectious after 10 min. The loss of infectivity at high RH is consistent with an elevation in the pH of the droplets, caused by volatilization of CO 2 from bicarbonate buffer within the droplet. Four different variants of SARS-CoV-2 were compared and found to have a similar degree of airborne stability at both high and low RH.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment

Oswin

Haddrell

Otero-Fernandez

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

125

142

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“…Consequently, it has been scarcely used during the first pandemic wave [ 28 ]. Then, because of the reportedly low risk of virus dissemination, bronchoscopy has been more extensively used in intubated COVID-19 patients as compared with other ARDS patients [ 29 ], also because COVID-19 patients with ARDS have frequent atelectasis [ 30 ], related to obstructive mucosal secretions [ 31 , 32 ]. The extensive use of bronchoscopy may have led to an overuse of bacteriological sampling, eventually contributing to overdiagnosis of VAP.…”

Section: Modification Of Diagnostic Strategies During Coronavirus Dis...mentioning

confidence: 99%

How common is ventilator-associated pneumonia after coronavirus disease 2019?

Wicky

d’Humières

Timsit

2022

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of review The first studies on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) described a high rate of secondary bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The specificity of VAP diagnoses in these patients are reviewed, including their actual rate. Recent findings Published studies described high rates of bacterial VAP among COVID-19 patients with ARDS, and these VAP episodes are usually severe and of specifically poor prognosis with high mortality. Indeed, Severe acute respiratory syndrome - coronavirus disease 19 (SARS-CoV2) infection elicits alterations that may explain a high risk of VAP. In addition, breaches in the aseptic management of patients might have occurred when the burden of care was heavy. In addition, VAP in these patients is more frequently suspected, and more often investigated with diagnostic tools based on molecular techniques. Summary VAP is frequented and of particularly poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. It can be explained by SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, and also breaches in the aseptic procedures. In addition, tools based on molecular techniques allow an early diagnosis and unmask VAP usually underdiagnosed by traditional culture-based methods. The impact of molecular technique-based diagnostics in improving antibacterial therapy and COVID-19 prognosis remain to be evaluated.

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“…Of the 50 patients included in the study, 38% of patients had normal views on bronchoscopy and most patients had abnormal views in all four anatomical regions, of which the most common manifestation was purulent-mucosal secretion. As we know, purulent-mucosal discharge is a natural and nonspecific response seen in most respiratory infections [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiberoptic Bronchoscopic Findings in Patients Suffering from Emerging Pulmonary Lophomoniasis: A First Registry-Based Clinical Study

Aliyali

Taheri

Fakhar

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

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Background. Lophomonas blattarum is an emerging protozoan agent that mainly infects the lower respiratory system, causing pulmonary lophomoniasis. The bronchoscopic findings in patients with pulmonary lophomoniasis have not been investigated yet. Accordingly, we assess the bronchoscopic findings of lophomoniasis in patients suffering from pulmonary lophomoniasis through a registry-based clinical study. Methods. In this retrospective study, of 480 patient candidates for bronchoscopy, 50 Lophomonas-positive patients were enrolled. Demographic data, relevant characteristics, and bronchoscopy findings of the patients were recorded and analyzed. Results. Overall, 50 (male = 32, female = 18) patients with an average age of 61.8 ± 13.3 years were examined. Nineteen patients (38%) had normal bronchoscopic findings, and 31 patients (62%) had abnormal bronchoscopic findings. According to the severity index, most (52%) of patients had mild severity, followed by moderate (30%) and severe (18%) cases. The highest involvement was in the right lung bronchus (46%), and the lowest was in the carina (8%). Furthermore, purulent and mucosal secretions in the right and left lung bronchus were the most abnormalities found in different anatomical locations. Conclusion. For the first time, the current study demonstrated that pulmonary lophomoniasis does not have pathognomonic bronchoscopic findings. However, each suspected patient must be checked for lophomoniasis, even with normal bronchoscopic findings, particularly in endemic areas.

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Abnormal Airway Mucus Secretion Induced by Virus Infection

Cited by 23 publications

References 103 publications

The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment

The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment

How common is ventilator-associated pneumonia after coronavirus disease 2019?

Fiberoptic Bronchoscopic Findings in Patients Suffering from Emerging Pulmonary Lophomoniasis: A First Registry-Based Clinical Study

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