Abnormal blood pressure response to exercise and ventricular arrhythmias: a suspicious association in athletes

Abstract

Introduction: Abnormal blood pressure response to exercise (ABPR) in athletes is considered a risk for incident hypertension, conferring a higher cardiovascular risk profile. We sought to describe the clinical cardiovascular features of athletes with ABPR and, moreover, the relationship of ABPR with occurrence of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs). Methods and results: We enrolled 1460 elite athletes (56.1% male; mean age 25.8 ± 5.1 years old), engaged in skills, power, mixed and endurance sport, who underwent clinical examination, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and exercise stress testing. ABPR was defined as >220/85 mmHg in males and >200/80 mmHg in females. ABPR was found in 8% (n = 117) of athletes, being older (P = 0.049) and presenting higher cardiovascular risk profile (obesity, P = 0.007; glucose intolerance, P = 0.043 and familiarity for cardiovascular disease, P = 0.026). Athletes with ABPR had higher prevalence of exercise-induced VEBs (19.6% vs. 11.9% in normotensive athletes, P = 0.015). Uncommon VEBs morphology was more frequent in athletes with ABPR (64.7% vs. 19% in the normotensive, P = 0.0002). Finally, in those with ABPR and VEBs, TTE revealed greater left ventricular end-diastolic diameter indexed (P = 0–006), LVEDVi (P = 0.017) and LVMi (P = 0.04) compared to those without VEBs. Conclusion: A not small group of elite athletes (8%) presented an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise and exhibited higher cardiovascular risk profile compared to their normotensive counterparts. Moreover, athletes with ABPR showed higher prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias on effort and the combination of ABPR and ventricular arrhythmias was associated with more pronounced cardiac remodelling.