Photoluminescence spectra of YVO 4 :Eu 3+ nanoparticles are presented, with and without the attachment of organic molecules that are proposed for linking to biomolecules. YVO 4 :Eu 3+ nanoparticles with 5% dopant concentration were synthesized via wet chemical synthesis. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show the expected wakefieldite structure of tetragonal particles with an average size of 17 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy determines that metalcarboxylate coordination is successful in replacing native metal-hydroxyl bonds with three organic linkers, namely benzoic acid, 3-nitro 4-chloro-benzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, in separate treatments. UV-excitation photoluminescence spectra show that the position and intensity of the dominant 5 D 0 -7 F 2 electric-dipole transition at 619 nm is unaffected by the benzoic acid and 3-nitro 4-chloro-benzoic acid treatments. Attachment of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid produces an order-ofmagnitude quenching in the photoluminescence, due to the presence of high-frequency vibrational modes in the linker. Ratios of the dominant electric-and magnetic-dipole transitions confirm infrared measurements, which indicate that the bulk crystal of the nanoparticle is unchanged by all three treatments.
I. INTRODUCTIONSome biomedical applications 1 seek to use the luminescence of multifunctional nanostructures for targeted drug delivery, labeling or sensing with magnetic manipulation for separation or capture of cells, proteins and nucleic acids. It is essential that the addition of one function does not hinder another. For example, multifunctional nanoparticles (NP) consisting of magnetic cores and photoluminescent (PL) shells have been demonstrated, using Fe cores coated with rare-earth-doped yttrium vanadate (YVO 4 ) as a luminescent shell. 2The advantage of rare-earth-doped crystals is their low toxicity compared to some colloidal quantum dots for biological applications, 3 strong luminescence properties of common ions such as Eu 3+ , Lu 3+ , and Tm 3+ , and background-free emission due to the necessity of indirect excitation via the host material. 4-10 These latter properties are also one of the reasons why rare-earth, particularly lanthanide, doped crystals are used for laser materials and optoelectronics. [11][12][13] These properties are also promising for use as luminescent nanothermometers. 14,15 YVO 4 :Eu 3+ in particular has been shown to have a temperaturedependent linewidth, 16 which can then be exploited to achieve a thermal sensitivity on the nanometer scale. It has been found